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Anatomy > Chapter 10 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Blood Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is in blood and what does it do
A
  1. Plasma (55%)
    - water,
    -salts (electrolytes),
    -plasma proteins,
    -substances transported by blood
  2. Formed elements cells (45%)
    -Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
    -leukocytes (white blood cells)
    -platelets

Transport system carrying nutrients, clotting to stop bleeding, and fighting infections

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2
Q
  1. Describe the composition of plasma and the specific functions of the plasma proteins
A

plasma - 55%
1. Water - 90% water
2. Salts (electrolytes)
3. Plasma Proteins
4. Transported substances - nutrients, waste, respiratory gases, hormones

Plasma proteins - transport substances, osmotic balance, ph buffering, clotting

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3
Q
  1. Describe the structure and function of erythrocytes (RBCs), various leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets
A
  • Erythrocytes/ red blood cells — carry oxygen, confined to the blood stream
  • Leukocytes - body defense
  • Platelets - cell fragments for blood clotting
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4
Q
  1. Describe erythropoietin’s role in regulating the rate of red blood cell
A

Erythropoietin - hormone released by kidney that goes to bone marrow to produce red blood cells so that the right amount of oxygen goes around the body

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5
Q
  1. What are the three phases of hemostasis in blood?
A

Hemostasis—stopping the bleeding

  1. Vasculoconstriction - muscle spasm
  2. platelets plug site in a pile
  3. blood clot (coagulation) - mesh of fibrin traps RBCs and platelets
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6
Q
  1. Describe the impact of aging on the various components of the blood.
A

-the volume and composition of blood is constant as we age
-making new cells takes longer
-red bone marrow decreases with age

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7
Q
  1. Where is the heart and what are its major parts?
A

-mediastinum - medium part of the thoracic cavity
-the lungs on each side
- the pointed apex points toward the left hip
- rests on the diaphragm

-Superior vena cava - right top (blood coming into top)
-Aorta - arch on middle top (blood goes to body)
-Pulmonary trunk - left top (pumps blood to lungs)

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8
Q
  1. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart (4)
A

superior and inferior vena cava (veins) > Right atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > left ventricle > body

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9
Q
  1. Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits
A

Pulmonary - send blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Only deals with blood going from heart to lungs.
Heart > lungs > heart

Systemic - sends oxygenated blood from heart to the rest of the body and brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Only blood flow between the heart and body (not lungs)
Heart > body > heart

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10
Q

What are the heart valves (4) and where are they?

A

-They prevent back flow of blood

Memory trick: Try Pulling Bis Arm

Tricuspid valve - right atrium
/ right ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve -towards pulmonary artery

Bicuspid valve - left atrium/ left ventricle

Aortic valve - to aorta (weird position)

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11
Q
  1. Where does the hearts blood supply come from and leave from?
A

Coronary arteries deliver oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle

Coronary veins remove oxygen poor blood from the heart muscle

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12
Q

True or false: blood is the only fluid tissue in the body

A

True

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13
Q

Blood is made from which tissue

A

Connective tissue

Formed elements - living cells
Plasma - liquid matrix

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14
Q

What determines whether blood is bright red or dull red?

A

How much oxygen it has

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15
Q

What is another name for red blood cells, white blood cells, and electrolytes?

A

RBC - erythrocytes
WBC - leukocytes
Electrolytes - salts

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16
Q

What do red blood cells and platelets have in common?

A

They have no nucleus

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17
Q

Red blood cells are a bag of ___________

A

Hemoglobin

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18
Q

What are the different types of white blood cells? (5)

A

-neutrophils - short term infections

-lymphocytes - direct cell attack

-monocytes - long term cleanup

-eosinophils - kill parasitic worms and allergy attacks

-basophils - release histamine on inflammation

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19
Q

What are the substances transported by blood?

A

-nutrients
-waste products of metabolism
-respiratory gasses
-hormones

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20
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The ability of white blood cells to slip in and out of blood vessels

21
Q

What is positive chemotaxis?

What is amoeboid motion?

A

Positive chemotaxis - white blood cells catch the scent of damage or infection

Amoeboid motion - white blood cells cytoplasmic extensions helping them move through tissues

22
Q

What is leukocytosis?

What is leukopenia?

A

Leukocytosis- over 11k white blood cells means infection is in the body

Leukopenia- low WBC count

23
Q

Which body organ plays the main role in producing plasma proteins?

A

The liver

24
Q

What is the role of hemoglobin in the red blood cell?

A

Transport oxygen and small amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

25
Q

Which white blood cell is most important for body immunity?

A

Lymphocytes

26
Q

If you had a severe infection, would you expect your WBC count to be 5k, 10k, or 15k ?

A

15k
Infection causes an increase, anything above 11k is considered infection

27
Q

All formed elements come from which stem cell?

A

Hemocytoblast

28
Q

What is it about Red Blood Cells that gives them a lifespan of 120 days

A

No nucleus

29
Q

How are platelets made?

A

Stem cell megakaryocyte mitosis into large multinucleate cell then fragments into platelets

30
Q

Erythropoietin is released based on what factor?

when normal blood oxygen level is decreased, what happens to bring the body back to homeostasis?

A

-not the amount of RBCS in the blood but the amount of oxygen it’s getting

Homeostasis
1. Stimulus - low blood oxygen

  1. Kidney release erythropoietin
  2. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow
  3. Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBCs
  4. More oxygen is carried
31
Q

What are the phases of homeostasis in the blood clotting process?

A
  1. Vascular spasms- blood vessel wall breaks, vasoconstriction happens (blood vessel spasms), narrowing the blood vessel to decrease blood loss
  2. Platelet plug forms - platwlwts become sticky and cling to the damaged site, spasms increase, platelets pile up forming a plug
  3. Coagulation events occur - fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets forming the clot
32
Q

Blood is moved though _______________ by the ___________

A

Blood vessels

Heart

33
Q

If you were to spin and separate blood, how would it look in the tube?

A

Plasma on top 55%
Buffy coat in middle (white blood cells and platelets) <1%
Red blood cells on bottom (heavy because of their iron component) 45%

34
Q

What are the key characteristics of blood?

A
  • PH 7.35-7.45
  • 38 degrees (slightly higher than body temperature because of the friction of its constant movement)
    -8% of body weight is blood
    -adults have 5 - 6 Litres of blood
35
Q

How many different substances and what kind are dissolved in plasma?

What is the most abundant solute in plasma?

A

Over 100 different kinds of carried substances such as: nutrients, oxygen, salts (electrolytes), hormones, etc.

Plasma proteins

36
Q

What do plasma proteins do?

True or false: plasma proteins are taken by cells to be used as fuel and nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, oxygen, etc.

A

Transport substances through blood and protect it

FALSE - they help blood only

37
Q

Why does the composition of plasma change continuously?

A

Because blood is carrying and exchanging different substances (oxygen - carbon dioxide, nutrients - wastes, etc.)

38
Q

Red blood cells outnumber white blood cells by ___________ and are the major factor contributing to ____________

A

1000 to 1

Blood viscosity (thickness)

39
Q

True or false: white blood cells are the only complete cell in the blood with nucleus and organelles

True or false: white blood cells use the circulatory system to travel but they can go anywhere

A

True

True

40
Q

What are granulocytes and arganulocytes?

A

Granulocytes - granules
-Neutrophils
-eosinophils
-badophils,

Arganulocytes -lack granules
-lymphocytes
-monocytes

41
Q

What are platelets?

A

-not technically cells
-fragments of megakaryocytes
-needed for clotting

42
Q

What are the layers of a blood vessel?

A

Turnica intima - inside
Turnica media - middle
Turnica externa- outside

43
Q

True or false: red blood cells are anucleate

True or false: red blood cells use some of the oxygen they are carrying

A

True - they have no nucleus

False

44
Q

What would happen to your blood of your red blood cell count went down?

A

It would get thin and flow more rapidly

45
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can 1 red blood cell carry?

A

1 billion

46
Q

Hemocytoblasts have which 2 descendants?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. All other formed elements
47
Q

RBC production is determined by what?

A

The amount of oxygen being delivered - not the amount of RBCs

48
Q

What is the lining of the blood vessel wall?

A

Endothelium

49
Q

Why does it help to cover or apply pressure to a wound?

A

Platelets can stick to it and the pressure increases tissue factor

Anatomy (14 decks)

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