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Human bio definitions > Chapter 9 - DNA > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - DNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Acetylation

A

Addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein - gene expression is enhanced

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2
Q

Adenine

A

Nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

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3
Q

Anticodon - ensures

A

Anticodon on a tRNA molecule is made of 3 nucleotides. It is complementary to a specific codon on the mRNA molecule. Ensures tRNA molecule carries the amino acid that aligns with specific codon.

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

Tangled network of DNA in nucleus of cell that is not dividing.

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

One of 46 rod like structures that appear in nucleus of somatic cell at commencement of cell division

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6
Q

Coding strand

A

Strand of DNA molecule that is not used to form mRNA. The mRNA molecule will match the base sequence on the coding strand with Thymine replaced with Uracil.

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7
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA

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8
Q

Cytosine

A

Nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

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9
Q

Guanine

A

Nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

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10
Q

Thymine

A

Nitrogenous base found in DNA. Replaced with Uracil in RNA in DNA replication

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11
Q

Uracil

A

Nitrogenous base found in RNA

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12
Q

DNA - determines

A

Molecule in the nucleus of a cell - determines what proteins a cell can make

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13
Q

DNA ligase

A

Enzyme that joins short sections of DNA together

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14
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that joins nucleotides together in nuclear replication

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15
Q

DNA replication

A

Production of an identical copy of the DNA

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16
Q

Double helix

A

Spiral shape of the DNA molecule

17
Q

Epigenetics

A

Altering the expression of a gene without changing the gene structure

18
Q

Gene

A

Section of a chromosome that contains the nucleotide sequence, coding for a particular trait

19
Q

Gene expression

A

Process where the information in a gene is used to make a product

20
Q

Histone

A

Protein which DNA is coiled around to from chromatin

20
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme responsible for separation of DNA strand during replication

21
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA. Transfers coded information from the nucleus to the ribosomes

22
Q

Methylation

A

Addition of a methyl group to a cytosine base on DNA molecule that results in decreased transcription

23
Q

mtDNA

A

Mitochondrial DNA

24
Q

Nucleosome

A

Length of DNA wound around 8 histone proteins, forms chromatin

25
Q

Nucleotide

A

Unit of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base that mak eup the DNA molecule

26
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid. Molecule that takes code for amino acids from DNA to the ribosomes

27
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Active enzyme during transcription of RNA from DNAS

28
Q

Start codon

A

Sequence AUG (methionine), when ribosome reaches codon it starts making protein

29
Q

Template strand

A

Strand of DNA that is used to form the sequence of bases in mRNA.

30
Q

Transcription

A

Process which mRNA is formed by complementary sequence of nucleotides

31
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA. Molecule brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome

32
Q

Translation (protein synthesis)

A

Production of a protein using the information coded in the mRNA.

33
Q

Base triplet

A

Sequence of three bases that is the code for a particular amino acid.

34
Q

epigenetic factors

A

external factors that can modify gene expression through methylation and acetylation

35
Q

Deacetylation

A

acetyl group is removed from histone tail. some genes require presence of acetyl groups for their transcription - means gene expression is inhibited.

36
Q

epigenetic tags

A

small molecules that attach to DNA to make it easier/harder for translation of a gene to occur. Can also switch genes off

37
Q

promotor sequence

A

binding site on DNA that initiates the process of transcription by signaling where transcription of a gene should begin

38
Q

terminating sequence

A

end of a gene in DNA is marked by a terminating sequence. it instructs the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing DNA to RNA, marks the end of the gene that is being synthesised

Human bio definitions (15 decks)

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