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Human bio definitions > Chapter 8 - musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - musculoskeletal system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Contractile proteins
- refers to
- size
- example

A

Refers to myofilament proteins within muscle cells that are responsible for muscle contraction. They never get smaller they just change how over lapped they are which contracts the myofibril.
Myosin and Actin

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2
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle that causes the desired action. Referred to as the prime mover.

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3
Q

Antagonist - example

A

Muscle that has an action opposite to the prime mover. Antagonist to the triceps is the biceps

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4
Q

Antagonist pair

A

Muscles are always grouped in pairs called antagonists as they have opposite actions to enable them to produce coordinated and controlled movements around joints.

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5
Q

Belly

A

Fleshy portion in the middle of a muscle

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6
Q

Cardiac muscle
- function

A

Muscle that forms the wall of the heart. Heart beating that pumps the blood in the heart

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7
Q

Connective tissue

A

Tissue that provides support for body organs

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8
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

Excitable – stimulated to do something through nerve impulses
Contractible – able to shorten to generate force
Extensible – can be stretched out of shape without damage
Elastic – after stretched out of shape it will return to original length

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9
Q

Fixator

A

Type of synergist. It is a Muscle that contracts to immobilize a joint

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10
Q

Flexion

A

Movement that decreases the angle between articulating bones.

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11
Q

Insertion

A

End of a muscle fixed to a movable bone

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12
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

Not under conscious control

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13
Q

Joint

A

Connection between two bones

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14
Q

Ligament

A

Fibrous tissue that attaches one bone to another

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15
Q

Muscle tone
- maintains posture

A

Maintaining partial contraction of skeletal muscles. At any time some muscle fibres are contracted while others are relaxed. Fibres take turns to contract which means the contractions can be kept up for long periods of time. Posture is maintained by the muscle tone in the back and neck.

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16
Q

Myofibril
- made up of
- striations
- allows

A

Long cylindrical structures made up of repeating units called sarcomeres. The arrangement of thick and thin myofilaments gives myofibrils stations with allows it to be divided into sarcomeres

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17
Q

Myofilament
- referred to as
- size

A

Referred to as the contractile proteins within muscle cells- Threads of protein that are the actual units involved in the contraction of muscles
They never get smaller they just change how overlapped they are.

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18
Q

Origin

A

End of a muscle that is fixed to the stationary bone

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19
Q

Posture

A

Way a person holds their body when sitting or standing

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20
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane of muscle cells

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21
Q

Sarcomere
- responsible for
- bounded by

A

Responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. Shorted in muscle contractions from the overlap of thick and thin filaments sliding past one another. Bounded by Z lines.

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22
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle fibres

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23
Q

Skeletal muscle
- function

A

To attach to the bones in the skeleton through tendons to provide movement

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24
Q

Sliding filament therory

A

Theory that explains muscle contractions. When muscles contract the sarcomeres shorten as the actin and myosin filaments slide over one another. The sarcomeres length corresponds to the relaxed position, semi contracted or maximally contracted.

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25
Q

Smooth muscle
- function

A

Not under conscious control, found in the walls of internal organs.
- to move the organs to perform function like churning of the stomach

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26
Q

Synergist

A

Assist action of the agonist by STABILISING a joint in a particular movement OR producing the same movement as the agonist.

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27
Q

Tendon

A

Fibrous tissue that attached muscle to bone

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28
Q

Extension

A

Lengthening of a muscle

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29
Q

Role of connective tissue in muscles

A

The bundles of muscle fibres are surrounded by various types of connective tissue that provide support. At the end of the muscle, the connective tissue layers merge to form dense fibrous band called tendon.

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30
Q

Muscle bundles

A

Make up the muscle. Bundles of muscle fibres.

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31
Q

Cross bridges

A

Structures formed by the heads of the myosin filaments interacting with the actin filaments to bind and pull along during muscle contraction

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32
Q

Z lines

A

Structural proteins that separate sarcomeres within a myofibril

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33
Q

H zone

A

Region where there is no overlap of myofilaments. Central zone in A band where there is just myosin

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34
Q

A band

A

Length of myosin filament. A band length does not change as the length of myofilaments dont change. Makes up dark band.

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35
Q

I band

A

Distance between successive thick filaments which contains only actin. Light bands. In shortening of the sarcomere the band size decreases.

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36
Q

Myofibril

A

Long cylindrical structures within the sarcoplasm of each muscle fibre. Arrangement of thick and thin myofilaments within myofibrils gives myofibrils striations, which allows it to be divided up into its repeating units called sarcomeres

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37
Q

Thick myofilament

A

Myosin

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38
Q

Thin myofilament

A

Actin

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39
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a limb away from midline of the body

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40
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

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41
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Made up of bones of upper and lower libs and shoulder and pelvis

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42
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers the surfaces of bones at a joint

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43
Q

Articular capsule

A

Envelope in cavity of synovial joint - made of fibrous capsule and synovial membrane.

44
Q

Articular disc

A

Also called meniscus. Purpose is shock absorption, lubrication from distributing synovial fluid, improves fit between articulating bones

45
Q

Articulation

A

Connection of bones at a joint.

46
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Part of skeleton that forms the central axis of the body. Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

47
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Spherical bone fitting into cup like cavity of another bone. head of humerus fits into the scalpa

48
Q

Bursa

A

Little sacs of synovial fluid found in friction points of a movable joint

49
Q

Canaliculi

A

Canals in the matrix of compact bone, that run between the lacunae, projections from bone cells enter the chanel and make contact with adjacent bone cells to allow material to be passed between cells.

49
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Bone contains many large spaces - appears spongy. Arrangement of trabeculae (thin bony plates)

50
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Mature cartilage cell

50
Q

Chondroblast

A

Forms the fibres and matrix of cartilage called chondrin

51
Q

Cartilage

A

Type of connective tissue - contains fibres of collagen

51
Q

Chondrin

A

Matrix in cartilage which collagen fibres are embedded.

51
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Deterioration of joint cartilage due to age or injury. Point where bone surfaces are not protected.

51
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Slightly moveable joint. Held in place by cartilage.
Joints between vertebrae

51
Q

Central canal

A

Central channel in an osteon of compact bone. Called Haversian canal. Occupied by nerves and blood vessles.

52
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense hard bone found in outer layer of most bones

52
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

External layer of an articular capsule

52
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Called elipsoid joint. One surface of bone is slightly convex and fits into slightly concave depression in another bone. Metacarpals and phalanges.

52
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of a long bone

52
Q

Contraction

A

Shortening of a muscle

52
Q

Fibrous cartilage

A

Contains parallel bundles of thick collagenous fibres. Forms pads of the body. Meniscus of knee joint, intervertebral disks in the spinal column.

52
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

rings trachea and bronchi

52
Q

Fibrous joint

A

immovable joint . Bones held together by fibrous tissue. Suture joints between the bones in the skull

53
Q

Extension

A

Lengthening of a muscle

53
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone, hollow shape surrounds medullary cavity (storage for yellow bone marrow)

54
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

network of elastic fibres along with collagen fibres. Highly flexible. Ear, epiglottis

54
Q

Gliding joint

A

Plane joint of two mostly flat bones. Glide past one another. Carpal bones

54
Q

Functional classification of the different types of synovial joints

A

Based on its range of motion

55
Q

Hinge joint

A

Movement in one plane only (flexion and extension). Head of one bone wraps around cylindrical head of another. Ulna and humerous

55
Q

Meniscus

A

Cartilage disk found in the knee joint, divides the cavity into two parts

55
Q

Osteon

A

Also called Haversian system. Unit of structure of compact bone. Central canal surrounded by concentric layers of hard matrix and bone cells.

55
Q

Lacunae

A

Space in the matrix of bone occupied by a cell

56
Q

Matrix

A

non cellular material between cells of a tissue

56
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell

56
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric rings that make up compact bone

56
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Reduced bone density due to ageing results in increased risk of fractures.

57
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Found in pores of cancellous bone, blood cell production takes place.

57
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense fibrous outer layer covering of a bone. Attachment point for tendons and ligaments

57
Q

Pivot joint

A

Allows rotation. Between radium and ulna

57
Q

Perichondrium

A

Membrane that covers some types of cartilage

58
Q

Rotation

A

Movement of a bone around its long axis

59
Q

Saddle joint

A

Joint where thumb is attached to the palm.

60
Q

Structural classification of joints

A

Based on the type of connective tissue holding the joint together

61
Q

Synovial cavity

A

Space between articulating bones in a synovial joint.

62
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Fluid that fills the cavity of a synovial joint.

63
Q

Synovial joint

A

Freely moveable joint. Limited by ligaments, muscles, tendons and adjoining bones.

64
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Inner layer of a capsule around a synovial joint.

65
Q

Trabeculae

A

Bony plates that criss-cross to make up cancellous bone.

66
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Region of a bone where fat is stored

67
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

surrounds myofibrils where calcium ions are stored which are released during muscle contractions

68
Q

articulating bones

A

bones that connect at a joint and move relative to one another

69
Q

skeleton function

A
  • scaffold to support the weight of the rest of the body
  • facilitates movement from being points of attachment for muscles (when muscles contract, bones allow movement to take place)
  • protects vital organs (heart and lungs are protected by the rib cage)
70
Q

irregular bone

A

complex shape

71
Q

long bone

A

tubular in shape, long, 2 ends that articulate with other bones. FEMUR

72
Q

Irregular bone

A

complex shape VERTEBRAE

73
Q

short bone

A

cube like shape TARSALS

74
Q

sesamoid bone

A

unique shape lies within tendons PATELLA

75
Q

flat bone

A

flat and thin and protects internal organs STERNUM

76
Q

girdle

A

attachment point for limbs to the axial skeleton, facilitates movement of the limbs. Shoulder and pelvic girdles are made up of a group of bones.

77
Q

connective tissue holding fibrous joint togrther

A

fibrous connective tissue

78
Q

connective tissue holding synovial joint together

A

ligaments

79
Q

connective tissue holding cartilagenous joint together

A

cartilage

80
Q

Osteoporosis treatment

A

excersise to stimulate bone formation, increase calcium intake which is an element needed in bone formation, vitamin D

81
Q

osteoarthritis treatmement

A

no cure, joint replacement surgery

82
Q

osteoarthritis prevention

A

regular low impact excersise maintains cartilage health, strengthens supporting muscles which helps to stabilize and protect joints from injury and wear.

Human bio definitions (15 decks)

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