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Human bio definitions > Chapter 12 - Producing offspring > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Producing offspring Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

Release of an enzyme from the acrosome when the spermatozoa fuses with the ovum to break down the matrix of the zona pellucida so the sperm has access to the plasma membrane of the ova

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2
Q

Afterbirth

A

Refers to the placenta and the remains of the umbilical cord, amnion and chorion. Expelled after the birth of a baby

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3
Q

Amnion

A

Membrane that forms a cavity around the embryo, secretes amniotic fluid into the cavity to protect the embryo: shock absorber and maintains constant temp

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4
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

fluid contained within the amnion, protects the embryo against injury

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5
Q

birth canal

A

passage formed by the uterus, dilated cervix and the vagina through which the fetus travels at birth

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6
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow ball of cells formed during early embryonic development. referred as a blastocyst when inner cell mass and outer cell mass are formed

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7
Q

chorion

A

one of the embryonic membranes that forms part of the placenta, protective outer layer, involved in exchange of nutrients and waste products between mother and developing fetus.

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8
Q

chorionic villi

A

finger like projections that develop from the outer layer of cells of the early embryo, grow into the maternal tissue to form part of the placenta. they are surrounded by a pool of the mothers blood

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9
Q

corona radiata

A

outermost layer of cells that surrounds the ovum, follicle cells held together by materials containing acid. protects the ova, in fertilisation one sperm penetrates the corona radiata

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10
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

fetal blood vessel that enables blood in the pulmonary artery to bypass the lungs and flow directly into the aorta

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11
Q

ductus venosus

A

fetal blood vessel that enables blood to bypass the liver

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12
Q

ectoderm

A

outer tissue layer of the embryo, forms outer layers of the body: hair, nails, epidermis of the skin

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13
Q

embryo

A

early stage of development of an organism, from fertilisation to the end of the eight week of pregnancy

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14
Q

endoderm

A

innermost germ layer, gives rise to epithelium of alimentary canal, vagina and urinary bladder

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15
Q

foramen ovale

A

opening between the atria of the fetal heart, allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium

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16
Q

gestation

A

period of development of an organism in the uterus. time between conception and birth

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17
Q

implantation

A

process where an embryo sinks into the lining of the uterus

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18
Q

inner cell mass

A

group of cells in the blastocyst that develop into the embryo

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19
Q

insemination

A

deposition of sperm within the vagina

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20
Q

labour

A

sequence of events that precede birth and result in the expulsion of the fetus through the vagina

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21
Q

medoderm

A

middle germ layer, gives rise to skeleton, muscles, connective tissues

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22
Q

multipotent stem cells

A

stem cells that are able to give rise to a limited number of other cell types. blood stem cells give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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23
Q

parturition

A

process of birth

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24
Q

placenta

A

organ that supplies nutrients to and removes waste from the fetus, produces a number of hormones like estrogen and progesterone which support the uterine lining and the placenta. structure allows for close proximity for diffusion without direct mixing.

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25
Q

primary germ layer

A

embryonic tissue from which all tissues and organs of the body will develop

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26
Q

proliferation

A

process which cells replicate themselves. no differentiation

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27
Q

pronucleus

A

refers to the nucleus of the ovum and sperm that fuse at fertilisation

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28
Q

semen

A

liquid that nourishes and aids in the transport of sperm, made of sperm and fluid from the seminal vesicles, bulbo urethral gland and prostate gland

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29
Q

first stage labour

A

cervix dilates and labour pains

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30
Q

second stage labour

A

fetus is delivered

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31
Q

third stage labour

A

afterbirth is expelled

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32
Q

thalidomide

A

drug that was meant to help with morning sickness but caused babies to be born with limb malformation

33
Q

totipotent stem cell

A

stem cell able to create any of the types of cells necessary for embryonic development

34
Q

umbilical arteries

A

two arteries within the umbilical cord - away from fetus

35
Q

umbilical cord

A

cord that attaches the fetus to the placenta

36
Q

umbilical vein

A

single vein within the umbilical cord that carries blood from the placenta to the fetus

37
Q

zona pellucida

A

thick glycoprotein membrane that surrounds the plasma membrane of the ovum

38
Q

zygote

A

fertilised ovum

39
Q

loser sperm assist winning sperm in fertilising the ovum

A

enzymes released from other sperm help to break down the materials that holds the cells in the corona radiata together, to allow the winning sperm to penetrate the ova

40
Q

females reproductive system assists the sperm in reaching the ovum

A

in ovulation the cervical mucus becomes thinner and more hospitable, which allows the sperm to travel through the cervix.

41
Q

sperm mortality

A

death of sperm before it is able to fertilise the ova. high amounts die from the harsh conditions of the female reproductive tract.

42
Q

fertilisation membrane

A

forms when the plasma membrane of the oocyte and spermatozoa fuse, nucleus of the sperm enters the ovum. prevents the entrance of any more sperm.

43
Q

sperm enters the ova

A
  • tail of sperm is absorbed
  • sperm head moves in the form of the male pronucleus
  • entrance of sperm stimulates ova to complete the second meiotic division
  • nucleus of ovum develops into female pronucleus
44
Q

female pronucleus

A

when the ova undergoes the second meiotic division, the nucleus of the ova develops into a female pronucleus

45
Q

fertilisation is complete when

A

female and male pronucleus fuse to form a single nucleus with a diploid number of chromosomes

46
Q

zygote moves from oviduct to uterus

A

from the cilia movement in the fallopian tubes and muscle contractions in the wall of the fallopian tube

47
Q

cleavage

A

cell division without any cytoplasmic growth. Zygote to a blastocyst, rapid divisions to create more but smaller cells

48
Q

differentiation

A

unspecialised cells become specialised to perform specific functions in the body. caused by signals that cause genes to be switched on for differentiation to occur - chemical signals from other cells, physical contact with neighbouring cells

49
Q

proliferation

A

process of rapid cell division to produce more cells - identical size and content to parent cell. cells do not undergo differentiation

50
Q

potency

A

ability of a cell to become different types of cells: totipotent, pluripotent, multipotentc

51
Q

stem cell

A

type of cell that has ability to develop into many different cell types in the body - not specialised into a specific cell time. Capable to divide and differentiate

52
Q

for a zygote to form, the sperm must penetrate the

A

corona radiata

53
Q

flexibility of cells

A

ability to become different types of cells - referred as potency

54
Q

totipotent

A

most flexible, ball of cells before formation of inner cell mass - able to become embryo, placenta and umbilical chord through differentiation

55
Q

pluripotent

A

give rise to tissues in an embryo. inner cell mass.

56
Q

multipotent

A

give rise to cells with specific function eg blood stem cells give rise to platelets, WBC, RBC

57
Q

chorionic villi

A

grow into the endometrium through proliferation to form the placenta through differentiation

58
Q

implantation

A

blastocyst attaches itself to the lining of the uterus so blastocyst is able to absorb nutrients for development from glands and blood vessels of the uterine lining in order to support its growth

59
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost germ layer - outer layers of the body: hair, nails, epidermis of skin

60
Q

primary germ layer

A

embryonic tissue from which all tissues and organs in the body will develop

61
Q

mesoderm

A

middle germ layer: skeleton, muscles, connective tissue

62
Q

endoderm

A

epithelium of alimentary canal, vagina and bladder

63
Q

structure of umbilical cord

A

two umbilical arteries (carry blood to chorionic villi), single umbilical vein (blood from placenta through unbilical cord to to the uterus

64
Q

placenta develops

A

from fetal and maternal tissue in first 3 months of gestation. once blastocyst is implanted in endometrium, finger like projections (chorionic villi) develop from the chorion, growing into the endometrium. Surrounded in maternal blood

65
Q

gestation

A

280 day period of fetal development. when embryo/fetus is carried in the uterus.

66
Q

parturition

A

process of birth, follows the events of labour

67
Q

labour

A

sequence of events before birth that result in the expulsion of the fetus through the vagina

68
Q

first stage of labour

A

final three months of gestation, uterus does weak irregular contractions which become stronger and more frequent. end is when the cervix is completely dilated

69
Q

labour pains

A

name for contractions when they are strong and occur every 30 minutes

70
Q

second stage of labour

A

delivery of fetus. amnion breaks and amniotic fluid leaves the vagina. time from full dilation to birth. mother uses abdominal muscles along with contractions to push the fetus through the vagina. Babies dead pushes against the cervix which stimulates the release of oxytocin that enhances ocntractions

71
Q

third stage of labour

A

Afterbirth is expelled - amnion, chorion and placenta.

72
Q

what closes at birth

A

ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale

73
Q

liver bypassed in fetus

A

ductus venosus - blood from umbilical vein bypasses the liver and goes straight to inferior vena cava

74
Q

lungs bypassed in fetus

A

ductus arteriosus means blood goes straight into the aorta from the pulmonary arter OR blood in the right atrium flows straight into the left atrium through the foramen ovale, where it will leave the body through the aorta.
MEANS OXYGENATED BLOOD CAN FLOW TO DEVELOPING FETAL TISSUE QUICKLY.

75
Q

why are lumps bypassed

A

collapsed and non functioning means has considerable resistance to blood flow. means oxygen delivery to vital organs in the fetus is optimised

76
Q

when infant starts breathing

A

larger amounts blood flow from heart to lungs as lungs no longer have resistance to blood flow - blood flow ductus arteriosus decreases, all thats left is fibrous tissue. more blood is returning from lungs so pressure in left atrium increases, causes foramen ovale to close against the wall of the atrium. will become permanently closed.

77
Q

when umbilical cord is cut

A

increases CO2 in babies blood which stimulates lungs to function. blood no longer flows through umbilical vessels or ductus venosus so ductus venonsis constricts until it is cut off. Bypass aorund liver is lost so all blood passes through the liver.

78
Q

hole in the heart

A

when foramen ovale fails to close - insufficient oxygen in the babies blood as deoxygenated blood is being pumped through the aorta.

Human bio definitions (15 decks)

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