Chapter 3 - cells undergo chemical reactions Flashcards
Activation energy
energy needed to start a chemical reaction
active site
part of enzyme molecule that combines with the substrate
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate. Substance formed when end phosphate group is removed from ATP, energy is released
ATP - energy stores
molecule that stores energy in cells, energy is stored between end phosphate group and rest of the molecule
Aerobic respiration
cellular respiration requiring oxygen. Complete breakdown of glucose, occurs in mitochondria. Has potential to generate up for 38 molecules of ATP (2 from glycolysis and 36 from aerobic respiration)
amino acids
small molecules that join together to make proteins
anabolism
- energy
- example
process of combining small molecules to make larger ones, requires energy. Protein synthesis involves assembling amino acids into polypeptide chain
anaerobic respiration
- what
- where
- how many ATP
cellular respiration that does not require oxygen. Occurs in cytoplasm. Glycolysis followed by two pyruvic acid molecules being converted to lactic acid. Total process produces 2 ATP molecules.
carbohydrates
organic molecules that are the main source of energy for cells. Have ratio of 1:2:1. Double hydrogen to carbon and oxygen.
catabolism
- energy
- example
chemical reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releases energy, still requires activation energy to be reached to break bonds
- Glycolysis (Glucose is broken down to 2 pyruvic acid molecules and 2 ATP molecules are produced)
catalyst
substance that lowers activation energy of a reaction, without being consumes (enzyme)
cellular respiration
- breakdown
chemical reaction that makes energy available for the cell. Cells break down glucose molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP.
coenzyme
When cofactor is a vitamin (organic) call it a coenzyme
Cofactor
Non protein molecules required by an enzyme to catalyse a reaction
cytosol
liquid part of the cytoplasm of a cell
denature
change molecular structure of an enzyme, by heating or changing in pH. No longer able to act upon specific substrate.
Dipeptide
Two amino acids bonded in a peptide bond
Disaccharide
Two simple sugar molecules bonded together. Example is sucrose
Enzyme
Organic substance that increases speed of a chemical reaction, without being altered or destroyed (organic catalyst) by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed
Enzyme inhibitor
Substance that slows or stops an enzymes activity
Enzyme substrate complex
Structure formed when an enzyme and a substrate combine
Glycolysis
Breakdown of a glucose molecule to 2 pyruvic acid molecules, produces 2 ATP molecules
Inorganic compound
Does not contain carbon chain
Metabolism
- types
all chemical reactions occurring in a living organism. Catabolism and Anabolism
Monosaccarides
- example
simple sugar molecule like glucose or fructose
example is glucose
Nucleic acid
Nucleotides form a chain to form nucleic acid. RNA, DNA
Nutrient
Substance in food that provides energy, is essential for growth OR assists the functioning of the body
Organic compounds
Substances that have carbon chains, carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins
Oxygen dept
Extra oxygen is requires to remove lactic acid produced during vigorous exercise
peptide bond
bond between amino groups
polypeptide
10 or more amino acids bonded together
polysaccharide
Many simple sugar molecules bonded together
protein
very large organic molecules made up of 100 or more amino acids
substrate
molecule which an enzyme acts upon. When the metabolic reaction occurs in the active site the product molecules are released.
Lock and key model
States specific shape of an enzymes active site allows it to bind to a particular substrate molecule
Uses of ATP
- give 2
Active reabsorption of water in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys. Active transport of substances across the cell membrane.
Macronutrients
Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates
