Chapter 3 - cells undergo chemical reactions

Question 1

Activation energy

Answer 1

energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Question 2

active site

Answer 2

part of enzyme molecule that combines with the substrate

Question 3

ADP

Answer 3

Adenosine diphosphate. Substance formed when end phosphate group is removed from ATP, energy is released

Question 4

ATP - energy stores

Answer 4

molecule that stores energy in cells, energy is stored between end phosphate group and rest of the molecule

Question 5

Aerobic respiration

Answer 5

cellular respiration requiring oxygen. Complete breakdown of glucose, occurs in mitochondria. Has potential to generate up for 38 molecules of ATP (2 from glycolysis and 36 from aerobic respiration)

Question 6

amino acids

Answer 6

small molecules that join together to make proteins

Question 7

anabolism
- energy
- example

Answer 7

process of combining small molecules to make larger ones, requires energy. Protein synthesis involves assembling amino acids into polypeptide chain

Question 8

anaerobic respiration
- what
- where
- how many ATP

Answer 8

cellular respiration that does not require oxygen. Occurs in cytoplasm. Glycolysis followed by two pyruvic acid molecules being converted to lactic acid. Total process produces 2 ATP molecules.

Question 9

carbohydrates

Answer 9

organic molecules that are the main source of energy for cells. Have ratio of 1:2:1. Double hydrogen to carbon and oxygen.

Question 10

catabolism
- energy
- example

Answer 10

chemical reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releases energy, still requires activation energy to be reached to break bonds
- Glycolysis (Glucose is broken down to 2 pyruvic acid molecules and 2 ATP molecules are produced)

Question 11

catalyst

Answer 11

substance that lowers activation energy of a reaction, without being consumes (enzyme)

Question 12

cellular respiration
- breakdown

Answer 12

chemical reaction that makes energy available for the cell. Cells break down glucose molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP.

Question 13

coenzyme

Answer 13

When cofactor is a vitamin (organic) call it a coenzyme

Question 14

Cofactor

Answer 14

Non protein molecules required by an enzyme to catalyse a reaction

Question 15

cytosol

Answer 15

liquid part of the cytoplasm of a cell

Question 16

denature

Answer 16

change molecular structure of an enzyme, by heating or changing in pH. No longer able to act upon specific substrate.

Question 17

Dipeptide

Answer 17

Two amino acids bonded in a peptide bond

Question 18

Disaccharide

Answer 18

Two simple sugar molecules bonded together. Example is sucrose

Question 19

Enzyme

Answer 19

Organic substance that increases speed of a chemical reaction, without being altered or destroyed (organic catalyst) by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed

Question 20

Enzyme inhibitor

Answer 20

Substance that slows or stops an enzymes activity

Question 21

Enzyme substrate complex

Answer 21

Structure formed when an enzyme and a substrate combine

Question 22

Glycolysis

Answer 22

Breakdown of a glucose molecule to 2 pyruvic acid molecules, produces 2 ATP molecules

Question 23

Inorganic compound

Answer 23

Does not contain carbon chain

Question 24

Metabolism
- types

Answer 24

all chemical reactions occurring in a living organism. Catabolism and Anabolism

Question 25

Monosaccarides
- example

Answer 25

simple sugar molecule like glucose or fructose
example is glucose

Question 26

Nucleic acid

Answer 26

Nucleotides form a chain to form nucleic acid. RNA, DNA

Question 27

Nutrient

Answer 27

Substance in food that provides energy, is essential for growth OR assists the functioning of the body

Question 28

Organic compounds

Answer 28

Substances that have carbon chains, carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins

Question 29

Oxygen dept

Answer 29

Extra oxygen is requires to remove lactic acid produced during vigorous exercise

Question 30

peptide bond

Answer 30

bond between amino groups

Question 31

polypeptide

Answer 31

10 or more amino acids bonded together

Question 32

polysaccharide

Answer 32

Many simple sugar molecules bonded together

Question 33

protein

Answer 33

very large organic molecules made up of 100 or more amino acids

Question 34

substrate

Answer 34

molecule which an enzyme acts upon. When the metabolic reaction occurs in the active site the product molecules are released.

Question 35

Lock and key model

Answer 35

States specific shape of an enzymes active site allows it to bind to a particular substrate molecule

Question 36

Uses of ATP
- give 2

Answer 36

Active reabsorption of water in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys. Active transport of substances across the cell membrane.

Question 37

Macronutrients

Answer 37

Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates