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Human bio definitions > Chapter 2 - cells that make up human body > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - cells that make up human body Flashcards

1
Q

active process

A

Process that involves the use of energy

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2
Q

active transport
- define
- example

A

Refers to carrier mediated transport against the concentration gradient from low conc to high conc. Carrier proteins use energy to move substances, usually ions across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient. example is sodium potassium pump. Carrier proteins can also be facilitated diffusion.

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3
Q

bilayer

A

2 layers that make up a single membrane

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4
Q

Centrioles

A

Pair of cylindrical structures involved in reproduction of the cell

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5
Q

cardiac muscle

A

muscle that forms the wall of the heart

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6
Q

carrier-mediated transport

A

transport across cell membrane by special carrier proteins, shape allows certain molecules to bind with proteins to be flicked across the cell membrane. Two types are facilitated carrier diffusion and active transport.

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7
Q

carrier protein
-energy

A

protein that carries substances from one side of the cell membrane to the other. Along conc. gradient (facilitated diffusion) passive, against gradient is active (active transport)

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8
Q

cell membrane
- functions

A

Plasma membrane that forms the external boundary of a cell.
Functions:
PRSS
- PHYSICAL BARRIER Separates interior of the cell from it’s external environment.
- REGULATES passage of substances in and out of the cell
- STRUCTURAL support to the cell and tissue
- SENSITIVE to change and other cells

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9
Q

cellular respiration

A

chemical reactions that make energy available for the cell

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10
Q

channel proteins

A

protein that allows ions, water and small molecules to diffuse through the tunnel in the protein. Type of facilitated diffusion along with passive carrier proteins.

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11
Q

chromosome

A

rod like structure in nucleus of the human cell, important for cell division

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12
Q

cilia
- does
- example

A

Hair like projections on outside of a cell, moves whole cell or moves material across the cell surface. Example is ciliated epithelial tissue which is found in the nasal cavity.

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13
Q

concentration

A

Measure of number of particles in a given volume

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14
Q

concentration gradient

A

Difference in concentration of a substance between two regions.
Molecules want to move down conc gradient (high to low) until
Equilibrium is achieves
Steeper the concentration gradient, faster the rate of diffusion.

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15
Q

connective tissue

A

tissue provides support for body organs.Eg lligaments connect bones

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16
Q

cytoplasm
- Facilitates

A

contents of cell, excluding nucleus, made of organelles and cytosol
- facilitates movement of materials within the cell

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17
Q

cytoskeleton

A

scaffolding of protein fibers within the cytoplasm of a cell. Made of microfilaments move materials around cytoplasm) and microtubules (keep organelles in place)

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18
Q

cytosol

A

liquid part of the cytoplasm of a cell
- serves as a site for metabolic reactions to occur

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19
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

molecule in nucleus of a cell that determines type of protein that cell can make

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20
Q

differentially permeable membrane

A

membrane permits passage of certain substances, restricts others

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21
Q

diffusion - until

A

movement of particles so are distributed evenly, diffusion is the net movement of ions from higher concentration to lower concentration, until evenly distributed.

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22
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process where cell takes in materials by enfolding and enclosing them. Includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis.Example of vesicular transport.

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23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
-rough and smooth

A

Network of membranes forming channels through cytoplasm of a cell.
Rough ER - surface for ribosomes to attach and for chem reactions to occur
Smooth ER - channel for storing/transporting molecules

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24
Q

Epithelium - same as epithelial

A

Tissue that forms outer part of the skin, lines organs.

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25
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process where contents of vesicles are pushed out through the cell membrane.

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26
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Fluid outside the cells, tissue fluid (intercellular), lymph fluid and blood plasma

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27
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Proteins allow movement of substances through the cell membrane, along the concentration gradient (passive)

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28
Q

Facilitated transport

A

Proteins in the cell membrane that allow molecules to be transported across the membrane

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29
Q

Flagella

A

Long projection from a cell, helps cell move (sperm cell)

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30
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Model showing structure of cell membrane

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31
Q

Golgi body

A

Structure in cytoplasm that packs materials for secretion from the cell

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32
Q

Homeostasis

A

Process which living organisms maintain a constant internal environment, despite fluctuation in external environment

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33
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

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34
Q

hydrophobic

A

water hating

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35
Q

inclusion

A

chemical substances inside a cell in the form of granules (small compact particles)

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36
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

muscle not under conscious control, walls of internal organs (smooth and cardiac muscles)

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37
Q

Lipid

A

made up of fatty acids

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38
Q

lysosome

A

small sphere in cytoplasm that contains digestive enzymes

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39
Q

matrix

A

non cellular material between cells of a tissue

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40
Q

microtubules

A

fine tubes that maintain shape of the cell and hold organelles into place

41
Q

microfilaments

A

protein fibers that move materials around the cytoplasm

42
Q

mitochondria

A

Power house of the cell: where aerobic respiration happens

43
Q

nervous tissues

A

tissues made up of neuron cells

44
Q

nuclear membrane

A

separates nucleus of the cell from the cytoplasm

45
Q

nuclear pore

A

gaps in the nuclear membrane

46
Q

nucleolus

A

structure within the cells nucleus, involved in protein synthesis

47
Q

nucleus

A

large organelle in a cell where DNA is stored, to control cell activities

48
Q

nuclear pore

A

gaps in the nuclear membrane

49
Q

organ

A

structure made up of different types of tissues working together

50
Q

organelle

A

structure within cytoplasm of the cell that has a specific purpose

51
Q

organism

A

living thing with different body systems all integrated

52
Q

osmosis - from area

A

diffusion of water molecules through a permeable membrane, from area of high solvent concentration to low solvent concentration

53
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure due to differences in concentration on either side of a differentially permeable membrane. Higher conc. of a solute dissolved, higher the osmotic pressure. The pressure is present until the movement of solute molecules is balanced and equilibrium is reached

54
Q

passive process

A

process that occurs without any input of energy, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

55
Q

passive transport

A

transport of substances across membrane without the input of energy

56
Q

phagocytosis

A

process which cells surround and take in solid particles

57
Q

pinocytosis

A

process which a cell surrounds and takes in liquid

58
Q

protein channel

A

pathway through a protein in the cell membrane that allows the passage of substances across the membrane

59
Q

ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis where amino acids are joined to form proteins. located on surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

simple diffusion
example

A

process of substances moving along concentration gradient without the use of membrane proteins

61
Q

skeletal muscle

A

muscle attached to bones, under voluntary control, called striated muscle

62
Q

solvent

A

substance which a solute is dissolved in

63
Q

striated muscle

A

muscle made of dark and light bands. Skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated, only skeletal is referred as striated muscle.

64
Q

organ system

A

group of organs that work together for a common function eg digestive system

65
Q

tissue - example

A

group of cells that are similar in structure and function. e.g muscle cells make up muscle tissue

66
Q

tissue fluid

A

fluid in spaces between cells. Apart of extracellular fluid. Called intercellular fluid

67
Q

vesicle

A

small membrane bound cavity in the cytoplasm

68
Q

vesicular transport

A

transport of materials into or out of cell in membrane bound sacs. Is an active process as it requires energy to drive the process of vesicle formation and movement.

69
Q

voluntary muscle

A

muscle under voluntary control

70
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Nerve cells and brain

71
Q

solute - example

A

Solute gets dissolved in solvent to form a solution. Salt is a solute.

72
Q

cell - example

A

Biological unit of all living organisms. Example is a muscle cell that is able to shorten in length.

73
Q

Organs

A

Structure of 2 or more different types of tissues that work together. Stomach is an organ made up of epithelial tissue and smooth muscle tissue

74
Q

Body systems
-example

A

Made up of groups of organs. Circulatory system includes heart, blood vessels and blood.

75
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane bound organelles that contains enzymes that break down molecules as well as worn out organelles

76
Q

Advantage of cells being small

A
  • Have high SA/Vol ratio which allows for efficient exchange of materials as reduces the distance substances need to travel to enter or exit the cell
77
Q

Epithelial tissue
- where
- cell construction

A

Lining inside mouth and organs like heart and stomach, protective layer, cells are neatly packed together

78
Q

connective tissue
- what does it do
- where is it found in organs

A

Connects different parts of the body like ligaments connecting bones. Structure and support.
Lines outside of organs like stomach, heart (pericaridum) and kidneys (renal capsule)

79
Q

Muscular tissue
- what does it do
- types

A

Responsible for involuntary and voluntary movement. Made of muscle cells. Skeletal, smooth and cardiac.

80
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Made up of neurons, brain made up of nervous tissue.

81
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

All the fluid within cells, in one particular cell it is called cytosol.

82
Q

Inputs through cell membrane

A

Glucose - energy production
Oxygen - necessary for cellular respiration
Water - cell volume and vital for chemical reactions to occur

83
Q

Outputs through cell membrane

A

Carbon dioxide - waste product in cellular respiration
Water - excess water needs to be removed

84
Q

Structure of cell membrane

A

Arrangement of phospholipids, membrane proteins, carbohydrate molecules and cholesterol molecules

85
Q

membrane proteins
- function

A

Function as channels/transporters for substances across the cell membrane

86
Q

4 types of chemical compounds/macro nutrients

A

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

87
Q

Factors that affect SA/Vol ratio

A

Shape and size. Smaller cells with flatter shapes meet energy needs more effectively by diffusion as have larger SA/Vol ratio.

88
Q

chem nature affects movement across membrane - lipid soluble

A

Can diffuse across the cell membrane with simple diffusion as of hydrophobic nature - can dissolve through the lipid bilayer

89
Q

nature of small particles affects movement through membrane vs larger

A

can diffuse freely through cell membrane but larger substances require transport proteins

90
Q

Structure and function of phospholipid molecule - what does it let into the cell

A
  • fatty acid tail (hydrophobic), phosphate head (hydrophilic)
  • forms a bilayer structure making up the semi permeable membrane
  • Structure allows small fat soluble substances to diffuse through membrane like water and hydrogen.
91
Q

cholesterol

A

Helps support the structure of the membrane, provides stability

92
Q

2 factors that can affect how enzymes function

A

Temperature and pH level

93
Q

Factors that affect rate of diffusion of substances

A

SA/Vol ratio of the cell, concentration gradient of the substance, chemical (polarity) or physical nature (size) of the substance.

94
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

Lines internal and external surfaces of the body

95
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Receives and transmits messages/impulses around the body

96
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

Binds and supports other tissues

97
Q

Function of skeletal muscle tissue

A

To attach to the skeleton through tendons to provide voluntary movement

98
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

Move the organs to perform functions like churning in the stomach

99
Q

Function of cardiac muscle

A

Pump the blood in the heart

Human bio definitions (15 decks)

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