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Human bio definitions > Chapter 10 - Cell division > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Cell division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anaphase

A

chromatid pairs are pulled away by spindle fibres to opposite poles.

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2
Q

anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes separate. the sister chromatids are not identical as of the allel exchange.

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3
Q

anaphase 2`

A

sister chromatids separate

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4
Q

benign

A

not able to spread to other parts of the body

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5
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled division of the cells

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6
Q

carcinogen

A

environmental factors that can cause cancer, if they damage DNA it can lead to mutation that results in uncontrolled cell growth and division. UV, smoking tobacco, viruses like HPV

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7
Q

cell cycle

A

events that take place from one cell division to the next. (interphase and mitotic phase)

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8
Q

chiasma

A

point at which crossing over occurs between chromatids. sig. in prophase 1 where recombination happens

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9
Q

crossing over

A

interchange of parts of chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes - creates new combination of alleles

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10
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm to form 2 daughter cells

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11
Q

diploid

A

46 chromosomes, 26 pairs of homologous chromosomes`

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12
Q

down syndrome

A

trisomy 21. Altered physical appearances, intellectual disability.

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13
Q

fertilisation

A

fusion of sperm and egg`

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14
Q

Gamete

A

sperm or ova

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15
Q

haploid number

A

23 chromosomes - one chromosome from each homologous pair

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16
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes - similar in shape, size and gene that control same characteristics

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17
Q

independent assortment

A

random separation of the homologous chromosomes - separation doesn’t affect the separation of the other homologous chromosomes

18
Q

interphase

A

stage where DNA molecules deplicate

19
Q

Meiosis

A

type of cell division resulting in gametes (4 genetically different haploid cells from one diploid cell)

20
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

21
Q

Malignant tumour

A

Able to spread to other parts of the body

22
Q

Metastasis

A

Happens with malignant tumours, spreading of tumour cells to form secondary tumour in different parts of the body

23
Q

mitosis

A

division of the nucleus, daughter nuclei have the same DNA as the parent cell

24
Q

monosomy

A

only one copy of a chromosome instead of 2

25
Q

non-dijunction

A

one or more of chromosome pairs fail to separate during meiosis

26
Q

partial monosomy

A

part of a chromosome missing

27
Q

partial trisomy

A

part of an extra chromosome

28
Q

prophase

A

first stage of mitosis. Chromosomes become visible, spindle fibres form, nuclear membrane breaks down

29
Q

prophase 1

A

in meiosis. recombination happens, exchanging segments of alleles between the paternal and maternal chromosomes. chromosomes visible, nuclear membrane breaks down etc

30
Q

prophase 2

A

nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibres form.

31
Q

Secondary tumour

A

cancer that has spread from the original tumour - refers to malignant tumour

32
Q

S phase in interphase

A

Synthesis phase where the DNA molecules duplicate

33
Q

telophase

A

final stage of mitosis. daughter chromosomes group at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear membrane reforms, cell membrane begins to pinch inwards

34
Q

trisomy

A

individual inherits an extra copy of a chromosome

35
Q

tumour

A

abnormal mass of tissue resulting from an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells.

36
Q

causes of cancer

A

genetic, unknown, certain carcinogens cause different types of cancer

37
Q

importance early detection of cancer

A

treatment can occur at early stages of tumour growth, improves chance of successful treatment and recovery

38
Q

cervical cancer

A

caused by human papillomavirus when it causes abnormal cervical cells to develop. Pap smear test to examine cervical cells for abnormalities that could develop into cancer

39
Q

breast cancer

A

formed from uncontrolled division and replication of abnormal cells in the breast. Mammography scan

40
Q

bowel cancer

A

in the colon or rectum in the large intestine. laboratory analysis of faeces for blood as most bowel cancers develop from polyps (polyps can bleed when they have been irritated)

41
Q

prostate cancer

A

found in the prostate gland. biopsy is performed on tissue taken from the prostate gland when blood test (shows presence of a particular protein that is produced by prostate cancer) or physical examination (doctor feels prostate gland through the anus for any irregularities) shows the possibility of prostate cancer

Human bio definitions (15 decks)

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