Chapter 9 Flashcards
Leilani Muir
Sterilized at age 14 without consent due to scoring low on IQ test
Anthropometrics
Methods of measuring variation among humans
Random Error
Error that changes each time
Systematic Error
Error that is repeated over and over
Content Validity
Is the content of the test what it should be?
Criterion-related validity?
Do other ways of measuring the thing match up with the test?
Construct validity
Does the test measure what it’s supposed to?
Origin of Intelligence testing
2200 BCE in China
Sir Francis Galton
Believed superior intelligence led to superior understanding of the world. Created 17 tests (absolute thresholds)
Alfred Binet
French researcher who emphasized attention, memory, and comprehension as part of intelligence.
Intelligence
The ability to understand, reason, and adapt to or overcome obstacles
Stanford-Binet Test
Designed to measure innate intelligence using mental age
IQ
Coined by William Stern
Deviation IQ
Compares one’s test score with average score for person of that age
Binet Simon Test
Test used to identify students who needed special education based on mental age
Raven’s Progressive Matrices
Culture fair, non-verbal test that used pictures
Eugenics
Good genes. Coined by Galton, who believed that intelligence was the result of “good breeding”
Stereotype Threat
When negatively stereotyped members of a group underperform due
Average IQ and SD
100 with SD of 15
Savant
An individual with a low overall intelligence but who possesses certain extraordinary abilities
Prodigy
a young person gifted in at least one area and of at least average overall intelligence
Stephen Wiltshire
Autistic Savant
Factor Analysis
Analyzes correlations of groups of variables to find “factors”
General Intelligence Factor (g)
Spearman. Single number representing person’s total mental energy
Spearman’s Monarchic Theory
Intelligence consists of single general ability (g) plus an unknown number of specific abilities (s)
Fluid Intelligence
Used in learning new information and solving new problems. Not based on previous knowledge. Peaks at age 20, remains steady, then declines.
Crystallized Intelligence
A type of intelligence that draws upon past learning and experience. Increases as person gets older.
Sternberg’s Trichromatic Theory
Intelligence is analytical, practical, creative
Metacognition
Self-insight into one’s own mental processes
Dunning-Kruger Effect
People who are dumb often lack metacognition
Gardener’s Multiple Intelligences
Claims there are at least nine types of independent intelligences
Entity Theory
Intelligence is fixed
Incremental Theory
Intelligence is fluid. Students taught this had improved grades over time.
Terman’s Study of the Gifted
Longitudinal study of children with >135 IQ. Some succeeded in life, some didn’t. Showed that grit was most important in life success.
Strengths of men vs women
Men better in spatial recognition tasks. Women better in verbal fluency and reading emotions
Greater IQ variability in _____
Males
Behavioural Genomics
Study of how genes interact with the environment to produce behaviour
Knockout Studies
Removing a particular gene and studying the results
Transgenic Animal Studies
Inserting a gene into an animal and studying the changes
Brain Size
Not a factor in intelligence
Birth Order Effects
First borns are usually more intelligent
Flynn Effect
Steady increase in intelligence scores over time
Nootropics
Substances believed to benefit intelligence
Heritability Estimate
How much of the variation between individuals can be attributed to genetics. Increases with age.
Impact of Childhood Neglect
Resulted in blunted intelligence
SES
Positive correlation with intelligence
Education
Positive correlation with intelligence. However, may simply improve test-taking ability
Healthy Foods
Positive Correlation to Intelligence
