Chapter 10 Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
The study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
Cross-Sectional Studies
Study both young and old at a given moment
Longitudinal Studies
Track the same people over time
Cohort Effects
Differences between people
Reflexes
Involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimuli
Synaptogenesis
Forming of new synaptic connections
Synaptic Pruning
Pruning of synpases
Rooting Reflex
Stimulation at corner of mouth causing sucking reflex
Moro Reflex
Startle causes baby to extend arms then pull them back ind
Grasping Reflex
Stroking hand causes infant to grasp
Cognitive Development
Changes in memory, thought, and reasoning that occurs throughout lifespan
Assimilation
Fitting new information into the belief system one already possesses
Schema
Flexible framework to organize and interpret information
Accomodation
Modifying existing beliefs to account for new information
Sensorimotor Stage
0-2 years. Infants’ thinking about the world based on immediate sensory and motor experiences. Develop object permanence.
Object Permanence
Ability to understand that objects still exist even when they can’t be seen. Milestone of the sensorimotor stage. Occurs around 6 months.
Preoperational Stage
2-7 years. Period of language development, pretend play, symbols. Egocentric. Can use language but not logic. Conservation is milestone.
Conservation
Quantity of something is not the same as its arrangement
Concrete Operational Stage
Ages 7-11. Develop logic and numeracy. Can now understand conservation, reversibility, cause and effect.
Formal Operational Stage
Ages 11+. Increase in abstract thinking skills.
Core Knowledge Hypothesis
Infants born with components to understand specific things about their environment.
Habituation
Decreased response to repeated stimuli
Dishabituation
Increased response to new stimuli
Attachment
An emotional bond between two individuals.
Who developed the strange situation test?
Mary Ainsworth
Secure Attachment
Caregiver is responsive
Insecure Attachment: Anxious
Caregiver is inconsistent
Insecure attachment: Avoidant
Child does not appear to need caregiver
Self-awareness
Ability for one to recognize their own individuality
Egocentrism
Only consider one’s own perspective
Theory of Mind
Ability to recognize perspectives of others
Delay of Gratification
Putting off immediate temptation for long term goals
Adolescence
11-21. Lots of synpatogenesis and pruning. Limbic system develops first, prefrontal develops after (judgement)
Kohlberg’s Three Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
Preconventional morality
Decisions based on seeking reward and avoiding punishment
Conventional Morality
Rules based on laws
Postconventional Morality
Recognize laws are relative. Actions based on justice and rights.
Social Intuitionist Model
What we consider right and wrong based off of disugst
Identity
Who you are
Erikson’s Theory Stages
Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs Despair
Identity Diffusion
Not committing to a single identity
Identity Foreclosure
Committing to an identity handed down to you by your parents
Identity Moratorium
Not committing to any identity
Identity Achievement
Developing a sense of who you are
What type of intelligence declines in old age?
Fluid
What type of intelligence remains steady or increases in old age?
Crystallized
Alzheimer’s Disease
Disease that progressively destroys memory and thinking
Percentage of Americans affected over 85 by alzheimers?
50%
How long do patients live after Alzheimer onset?
8-10 years
Cause of Alzheimer’s
Plaques and tangles prevent neurons from receiving nutrients
Benefits of old age in brain?
Bilateral activation, greater happiness, positivity bias
Socioemotional Selective Theory
Old people tend to focus more on positive memories and experiences
Attrition
Dropping out of a study
Harry Harlow Research
Did research on monkeys, found that infant monkeys preferred the softest parent monkey. Infants were abnormal if they were deprived of attachment.
Separation Anxiety
Anxiety that develops around 6-8 months when children are left with a stranger instead of their regular caregiver.
