Chapter 10

Question 1

Developmental Psychology

Answer 1

The study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Question 2

Cross-Sectional Studies

Answer 2

Study both young and old at a given moment

Question 3

Longitudinal Studies

Answer 3

Track the same people over time

Question 4

Cohort Effects

Answer 4

Differences between people

Question 5

Reflexes

Answer 5

Involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimuli

Question 6

Synaptogenesis

Answer 6

Forming of new synaptic connections

Question 7

Synaptic Pruning

Answer 7

Pruning of synpases

Question 8

Rooting Reflex

Answer 8

Stimulation at corner of mouth causing sucking reflex

Question 9

Moro Reflex

Answer 9

Startle causes baby to extend arms then pull them back ind

Question 10

Grasping Reflex

Answer 10

Stroking hand causes infant to grasp

Question 11

Cognitive Development

Answer 11

Changes in memory, thought, and reasoning that occurs throughout lifespan

Question 12

Assimilation

Answer 12

Fitting new information into the belief system one already possesses

Question 13

Schema

Answer 13

Flexible framework to organize and interpret information

Question 14

Accomodation

Answer 14

Modifying existing beliefs to account for new information

Question 15

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 15

0-2 years. Infants’ thinking about the world based on immediate sensory and motor experiences. Develop object permanence.

Question 16

Object Permanence

Answer 16

Ability to understand that objects still exist even when they can’t be seen. Milestone of the sensorimotor stage. Occurs around 6 months.

Question 17

Preoperational Stage

Answer 17

2-7 years. Period of language development, pretend play, symbols. Egocentric. Can use language but not logic. Conservation is milestone.

Question 18

Conservation

Answer 18

Quantity of something is not the same as its arrangement

Question 19

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 19

Ages 7-11. Develop logic and numeracy. Can now understand conservation, reversibility, cause and effect.

Question 20

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 20

Ages 11+. Increase in abstract thinking skills.

Question 21

Core Knowledge Hypothesis

Answer 21

Infants born with components to understand specific things about their environment.

Question 22

Habituation

Answer 22

Decreased response to repeated stimuli

Question 23

Dishabituation

Answer 23

Increased response to new stimuli

Question 24

Attachment

Answer 24

An emotional bond between two individuals.

Question 25

Who developed the strange situation test?

Answer 25

Mary Ainsworth

Question 26

Secure Attachment

Answer 26

Caregiver is responsive

Question 27

Insecure Attachment: Anxious

Answer 27

Caregiver is inconsistent

Question 28

Insecure attachment: Avoidant

Answer 28

Child does not appear to need caregiver

Question 29

Self-awareness

Answer 29

Ability for one to recognize their own individuality

Question 30

Egocentrism

Answer 30

Only consider one's own perspective

Question 31

Theory of Mind

Answer 31

Ability to recognize perspectives of others

Question 32

Delay of Gratification

Answer 32

Putting off immediate temptation for long term goals

Question 33

Adolescence

Answer 33

11-21. Lots of synpatogenesis and pruning. Limbic system develops first, prefrontal develops after (judgement)

Question 34

Kohlberg's Three Stages of Moral Development

Answer 34

Preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Question 35

Preconventional morality

Answer 35

Decisions based on seeking reward and avoiding punishment

Question 36

Conventional Morality

Answer 36

Rules based on laws

Question 37

Postconventional Morality

Answer 37

Recognize laws are relative. Actions based on justice and rights.

Question 38

Social Intuitionist Model

Answer 38

What we consider right and wrong based off of disugst

Question 39

Identity

Answer 39

Who you are

Question 40

Erikson's Theory Stages

Answer 40

Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs Despair

Question 41

Identity Diffusion

Answer 41

Not committing to a single identity

Question 42

Identity Foreclosure

Answer 42

Committing to an identity handed down to you by your parents

Question 43

Identity Moratorium

Answer 43

Not committing to any identity

Question 44

Identity Achievement

Answer 44

Developing a sense of who you are

Question 45

What type of intelligence declines in old age?

Answer 45

Fluid

Question 46

What type of intelligence remains steady or increases in old age?

Answer 46

Crystallized

Question 47

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer 47

Disease that progressively destroys memory and thinking

Question 48

Percentage of Americans affected over 85 by alzheimers?

Answer 48

50%

Question 49

How long do patients live after Alzheimer onset?

Answer 49

8-10 years

Question 50

Cause of Alzheimer's

Answer 50

Plaques and tangles prevent neurons from receiving nutrients

Question 51

Benefits of old age in brain?

Answer 51

Bilateral activation, greater happiness, positivity bias

Question 52

Socioemotional Selective Theory

Answer 52

Old people tend to focus more on positive memories and experiences

Question 53

Attrition

Answer 53

Dropping out of a study

Question 54

Harry Harlow Research

Answer 54

Did research on monkeys, found that infant monkeys preferred the softest parent monkey. Infants were abnormal if they were deprived of attachment.

Question 55

Separation Anxiety

Answer 55

Anxiety that develops around 6-8 months when children are left with a stranger instead of their regular caregiver.