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PSYC-1000 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Change in organism’s behaviour due to experience

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2
Q

Which psychologist believed learning accounted for all behaviour?

A

Watson

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3
Q

Learning is a mix of _____ and _____

A

Nature, nurture

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4
Q

What kind of science did Watson view psychology as?

A

Objective

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5
Q

Associative Learning

A

Connecting contiguous things

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6
Q

Philosophers who supported associative learning

A

Aristotle, Locke, Hume

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7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Organism associates neutral stimulus with biologically relevant stimulus, ultimately resulting in a change in response to the previously neutral stimulus.

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8
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Stimulus that elicits a response without learning

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9
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A once-neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response, as it was previously paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Response that occurs due to conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

1904 Nobel Prize; accidentally discovered classical conditioning

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13
Q

What is alpha represented by in the formula?

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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14
Q

What is beta represented by?

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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15
Q

What is lambda represented by?

A

Max amount that can be learned

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16
Q

What does Vocd represent

A

Amount of prior learning

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17
Q

Acquisition

A

Initial stage of learning in which conditioned stimulus comes to elicit conditioned response

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18
Q

Extinction

A

Loss of CR when UCS and CS no longer occur together

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19
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Recurrence of a lost CR some time after extinction has passed

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20
Q

Hebb’s Rule

A

Physical changes in brain must occur to form memory (learning can be examined at biological level)

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21
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency for stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar response

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22
Q

Discrimination

A

Organism learns to discriminate between original CS and other similar stimuli

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23
Q

Narrowed Gradient

A

Organism learns to distinguish between reinforced and non-reinforced stimulus.

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24
Q

Conditioned Emotional Response

A

Emotional responses that develop due to a specific object or situation

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25
Part of brain activated in conditioned emotional response
Amygdala
26
Little Albert
Cymbals crashing behind teddy bear's head made Albert scared of teddy bear
27
Preparedness
Biological predisposition to rapidly develop a response to particular stimuli (ie fear)
28
Conditioned Taste Aversion
Disliking particular food or drink due to its association with a previous illness
29
Latent Inhibition
Eliciting a response takes longer because the CS is displayed without being paired to an UCS
30
Operant conditioning
Associative learning in which behaviour is influenced by either reinforcement or punishment
31
Reinforcement
Reward given after behaviour, increasing likelihood of behaviour occurring again
32
Law of Effect
Thorndike (extended by Skinner) Responses that elicit satisfaction occur more often
33
Punishment
Negative response after behaviour, lowering probability of that behaviour
34
Positive Reinforcement
Stimulus added to
35
Negative Reinforcement
Stimulus taken away from situation
36
Conditioned Reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer that is learned through association with primary reinforcer (ex. phrase good dog after being paired with a treat)
37
Discriminative Stimulus
Signals schedule of response and outcome
38
Habit Learning
Discriminative Stimulus causes the behaviour to occur without the end reinforcer
39
Example of positive reinforcement
Child given treat when acting good
40
Example of negative reinforcement
Opening umbrella means rain is removed from situation, more likely to do it again
41
Example of positive punishment
Child is hit when acting bad
42
Example of negative punishment
Child gets video games taken away for being bad, less likely to be bad
43
Escape learning
You make a response that removes stimulus. Can eventually become avoidance learning.
44
Avoidance Learning
Type of negative reinforcement that removes possibility of stimulus occurring. Don't know if stimulus changes and gets better.
45
Acquisition in OC
Repeated trials (response and outcome) strengthen response
46
Extinction in OC
When response no longer followed by reinforcement
47
Delayed Reinforcement
Weakens association between response and reinforcer
48
Devaluation
Connection between CS and CR may weaken if reinforcer is absent from a response
49
Primary Reinforcers
Satisfy biological need
50
Secondary Reinforcers
Only become valuable when we assign meaning to them | eg facebook likes
51
Shaping
Reinforcing a specific response
52
Discrimination Stimulus OC
Cue that indicates that if a response is made, it will be reinforced
53
Discrimination OC
Organism learns to ignore stimuli similar to original stimulus
54
Schedules of Reinforcement
Indicate when reinforcement is available
55
Continuous Reinforcement
Every response made results in reinforcement. Easy to learn, easy to unlearn
56
Partial Reinforcement
Only a certain number of responses reinforced. Takes longer to learn, but longer to unlearn
57
Fixed Ratio
Reinforcement occurs after fixed number of responses.Faster responding results in more reward. (eg making and selling scarves)
58
Variable Ratio
Reinforcement occurs after variable number of responses. (eg gambling)
59
Fixed Interval
Reinforcements occur only at specific times. (eg waiting for bus)
60
Variable Interval
Reinforcement to response occurs at unpredictable times (eg checking Nexus)
61
Partial Reinforcement Effect
Partial Reinforcement results in slower learning but slower unlearning
62
Latent Learning
Learning does occur, but is not shown until there is incentive to demonstrate it
63
Cognitive Map
Mental representation of layout of environment
64
Stimulus Organism Response Theory
Highlights how learning influences our observable and mental behaviours
65
Observational | learning
Learning from watching others do something
66
Imitation
Imitating the actions of others to achieve a goal

PSYC-1000 (13 decks)

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