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PSYC-1000 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Change in organism’s behaviour due to experience

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2
Q

Which psychologist believed learning accounted for all behaviour?

A

Watson

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3
Q

Learning is a mix of _____ and _____

A

Nature, nurture

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4
Q

What kind of science did Watson view psychology as?

A

Objective

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5
Q

Associative Learning

A

Connecting contiguous things

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6
Q

Philosophers who supported associative learning

A

Aristotle, Locke, Hume

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7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Organism associates neutral stimulus with biologically relevant stimulus, ultimately resulting in a change in response to the previously neutral stimulus.

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8
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Stimulus that elicits a response without learning

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9
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A once-neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response, as it was previously paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Response that occurs due to conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

1904 Nobel Prize; accidentally discovered classical conditioning

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13
Q

What is alpha represented by in the formula?

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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14
Q

What is beta represented by?

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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15
Q

What is lambda represented by?

A

Max amount that can be learned

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16
Q

What does Vocd represent

A

Amount of prior learning

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17
Q

Acquisition

A

Initial stage of learning in which conditioned stimulus comes to elicit conditioned response

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18
Q

Extinction

A

Loss of CR when UCS and CS no longer occur together

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19
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Recurrence of a lost CR some time after extinction has passed

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20
Q

Hebb’s Rule

A

Physical changes in brain must occur to form memory (learning can be examined at biological level)

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21
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency for stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar response

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22
Q

Discrimination

A

Organism learns to discriminate between original CS and other similar stimuli

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23
Q

Narrowed Gradient

A

Organism learns to distinguish between reinforced and non-reinforced stimulus.

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24
Q

Conditioned Emotional Response

A

Emotional responses that develop due to a specific object or situation

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25
Q

Part of brain activated in conditioned emotional response

A

Amygdala

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26
Q

Little Albert

A

Cymbals crashing behind teddy bear’s head made Albert scared of teddy bear

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27
Q

Preparedness

A

Biological predisposition to rapidly develop a response to particular stimuli (ie fear)

28
Q

Conditioned Taste Aversion

A

Disliking particular food or drink due to its association with a previous illness

29
Q

Latent Inhibition

A

Eliciting a response takes longer because the CS is displayed without being paired to an UCS

30
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Associative learning in which behaviour is influenced by either reinforcement or punishment

31
Q

Reinforcement

A

Reward given after behaviour, increasing likelihood of behaviour occurring again

32
Q

Law of Effect

A

Thorndike (extended by Skinner) Responses that elicit satisfaction occur more often

33
Q

Punishment

A

Negative response after behaviour, lowering probability of that behaviour

34
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Stimulus added to

35
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Stimulus taken away from situation

36
Q

Conditioned Reinforcer

A

Secondary reinforcer that is learned through association with primary reinforcer (ex. phrase good dog after being paired with a treat)

37
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

Signals schedule of response and outcome

38
Q

Habit Learning

A

Discriminative Stimulus causes the behaviour to occur without the end reinforcer

39
Q

Example of positive reinforcement

A

Child given treat when acting good

40
Q

Example of negative reinforcement

A

Opening umbrella means rain is removed from situation, more likely to do it again

41
Q

Example of positive punishment

A

Child is hit when acting bad

42
Q

Example of negative punishment

A

Child gets video games taken away for being bad, less likely to be bad

43
Q

Escape learning

A

You make a response that removes stimulus. Can eventually become avoidance learning.

44
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

Type of negative reinforcement that removes possibility of stimulus occurring. Don’t know if stimulus changes and gets better.

45
Q

Acquisition in OC

A

Repeated trials (response and outcome) strengthen response

46
Q

Extinction in OC

A

When response no longer followed by reinforcement

47
Q

Delayed Reinforcement

A

Weakens association between response and reinforcer

48
Q

Devaluation

A

Connection between CS and CR may weaken if reinforcer is absent from a response

49
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

Satisfy biological need

50
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

Only become valuable when we assign meaning to them

eg facebook likes

51
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcing a specific response

52
Q

Discrimination Stimulus OC

A

Cue that indicates that if a response is made, it will be reinforced

53
Q

Discrimination OC

A

Organism learns to ignore stimuli similar to original stimulus

54
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

Indicate when reinforcement is available

55
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Every response made results in reinforcement. Easy to learn, easy to unlearn

56
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

Only a certain number of responses reinforced. Takes longer to learn, but longer to unlearn

57
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Reinforcement occurs after fixed number of responses.Faster responding results in more reward. (eg making and selling scarves)

58
Q

Variable Ratio

A

Reinforcement occurs after variable number of responses. (eg gambling)

59
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Reinforcements occur only at specific times. (eg waiting for bus)

60
Q

Variable Interval

A

Reinforcement to response occurs at unpredictable times (eg checking Nexus)

61
Q

Partial Reinforcement Effect

A

Partial Reinforcement results in slower learning but slower unlearning

62
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning does occur, but is not shown until there is incentive to demonstrate it

63
Q

Cognitive Map

A

Mental representation of layout of environment

64
Q

Stimulus Organism Response Theory

A

Highlights how learning influences our observable and mental behaviours

65
Q

Observational

learning

A

Learning from watching others do something

66
Q

Imitation

A

Imitating the actions of others to achieve a goal

PSYC-1000 (13 decks)

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