Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC-1000 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Process of detecting external events with sense organs and turning these stimuli into neural events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Perception

A

Interpreting and organizing stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of physical energy to neural impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

A

Muller 1826. Different senses are separated in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Psychophysics

A

Fechner. How physical stimuli such as light and sound are interpreted by the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum stimulation so as to detect presence of stimulus 50% of the time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Just noticeable change between two stimuli changes as proportion of stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Whether a signal is perceived is based on both the sensory experience and judgement made by the subject

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sensory Process

A

providing of stimulus or no stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Decision process

A

Subject reports whether they perceived a stimulus or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

JND

A

Minimum difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Weber’s Law noticeable light difference

A

8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Noticeable weight difference

A

2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Noticeable frequency difference

A

0.2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gestalt Psych

A

Whole greater than sum of parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Figure-Ground

A

Grouping of figures and ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Similarity

A

Items group according to visual similarities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Proximity

A

Items grouped due to proximity to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Continuity

A

Lines are perceived to continue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Closure

A

Tendency to close a figure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Phonetic Reversal

A

A word pronounced backwards sounds like another word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Top-down processing

A

Perceptions influenced by prior knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Using sensory info to construct a more complex perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Divided Attention

A

Paying attention to more than one stimulus at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Selective Attention

A

Focusing on one event and excluding others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Inattentive Blindness

A

Failure to notice an event when focused on another event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from peak to peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Amplitude

A

Distance from x axis to crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of color determined by wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Intensity

A

Brightness. Determined by amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Saturation

A

How many different wavelengths are mixed together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sclera

A

Whites of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cornea

A

Clear layer that covers front of eye and contributes to eye’s ability to focus light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Pupil

A

Regulates amount of light that enters eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Iris

A

Muscle around eye that controls dilation and constriction of the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light onto back of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Retina

A

Back of eye. Contains cones and rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Accomodation

A

Change in shape of lens to focus light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Fibres connecting to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Cones

A

Receptors for bright light. Located on fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Rods

A

Receptors for dim light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Acuity

A

Sharpness of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Nearsighted

A

Can focus on nearby object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Farsighted

A

Can focus on far away objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How many cones per ganglion cell?

A

One

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How many rods per ganglion cell?

A

Ten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Dark adaption

A

Cones and rods become more sensitive to light under low levels of illumination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Young-Helmholtz Theory. Three types of cones corresponding to red, green, blue. All other colors combination of these three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

Colors are in opposition to each other. Hering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Dichromat

A

Confuse two colors

52
Q

Monochromat

A

Can only see one colour

53
Q

Colour Blindness

A

Misfunction in cones

54
Q

Nearsightedness (myopia) caused by

A

Elongation of the eye, image falls short of retina

55
Q

Farsightedness (hyperopia) caused by

A

Image focused behind retina

56
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Part of brain where optic nerves cross at the midline

57
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

58
Q

Contralateral

A

Other side

59
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

In thalamus. Processes information and sends it to visual cortex

60
Q

Function of Ventral Stream

A

Object recognition

61
Q

DF

A

Had damaged ventral stream. Could still put mail in mailbox, therefore had a working dorsal stream.

62
Q

FFA

A

Fusiform face area

63
Q

Perceptual Constancies

A

Tendency to perceive things as similar despite change in perspectives

64
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Based on differing perspectives of both eyes

65
Q

Convergence

A

eyes move inward to focus on nearby object

66
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

Difference of position of object as seen by each eye. Gives info about depth

67
Q

Monocular Clues

A

Clues about depth perceived by only one eye

68
Q

Paraprognosia

A

Cant recognize faces

69
Q

Size constancy

A

Ability to perceive consistent size despite variations in size of retinal images

70
Q

Shape consistency

A

Ability to perceive consistent shape despite differing position of shape

71
Q

Light consistency

A

Ability to perceive consistent light despite changing illumination

72
Q

Frequency

A

Cycles per time (Hz) relates to pitch

73
Q

Amplitude of sound

A

How loud it is

74
Q

Pitch

A

Highness or lowness of sound

75
Q

Loudness

A

Amplitude of sound

76
Q

Timbre

A

Complexity of sound wave

77
Q

Pinna

A

External ear. Directs sound into ear and determines location of sound

78
Q

Auditory canal

A

Leads to eardrum

79
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum

80
Q

Ossicles

A

Transmit vibrations to cochlea. Malleus, incus, stapes

81
Q

Conversion of sound waves to perception of sound

A

Sound waves, fluid waves, mechanical vibrations, electrical impulses to modal geniculate nucleus in thalamus to auditory cortex

82
Q

Sound localization

A

Identifying where a sound comes from

83
Q

Place Theory

A

Perception of sound based on location of the ear which sound stimulates. Problem: not enough hair cells, cochlea isn’t long enough. Therefore, struggles at explaining low frequencies

84
Q

Frequency Theory

A

Related to pitch at which basiliar membrane vibrates. Problem: can’t explain high frequencies, as nerves can’t fire that fast.

85
Q

Primary auditorial Cortex

A

Involved in perception of hearing

86
Q

Interaural Time Difference

A

One ear experiences sound sooner and more intensely

87
Q

Interaural Level Difference

A

One ear casts a sound shadow

88
Q

Nerve HEaring Loss

A

Damage in cochlea’s receptors or auditory nerve

89
Q

Conduction Hearing Loss

A

Damage to mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea

90
Q

Plasticity in 3 months

A

Can detect changes in pitch

91
Q

Changes in 4-6 months

A

Can detect when sounds stop and start

92
Q

Changes in 8 months

A

Can localize sound

93
Q

Changes in 10-12 months

A

Audial specialization towards language

94
Q

Functions of vestibular system

A

Balance, maintain upright head position, adjust eye movement for head movement

95
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Three fluid-filled canals that respond to acceleration of the head

96
Q

Vestibular Sacs

A

Provides info about head’s orientation. Consists of utricle (little pouch) and saccule (little sac)

97
Q

Haptics

A

Touch sensation and perception

98
Q

Kinesthesis

A

System for sensing position and movement of body parts

99
Q

Nociception

A

Sensation of pain. Can be top-down (experiences change how we experience pain) and bottom-up (things from outside world transmitted to brain)

100
Q

RA Receptors

A

Rapidly adapting receptors (can be I or II)

101
Q

SA Receptors

A

Slowly adapting receptors. Respond to ongoing sensation. Can be I or II

102
Q

Myelinated alpha fibres

A

Rapid transmission of pain

103
Q

Unmyelinated C fibres

A

Slow transmission of pain

104
Q

Two point threshold

A

Minimum distance between points to be perceived as two different points. Bimodal distribution. Larger thresholds in the legs and arms, as opposed to the finger tips, lips, etc.

105
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

Explains pain as interaction between transmitting and inhibiting fibres

106
Q

“Gate” closed by?

A

Large A beta or gamma-fibres

107
Q

“Gate” opened by?

A

Small C and A sigma fibres

108
Q

Phantom Limb Pain

A

Sensations of pain in nonexistent limbs

109
Q

Mirrox Boxes

A

Reduces phantom pain by tricking the brain into thinking that individual has two hands

110
Q

Gustation

A

Taste

111
Q

Umami

A

Taste sense related to savory foods/protein

112
Q

Papillae

A

Taste buds

113
Q

Secondary Gustatory Cortex

A

Associates pleasure with food

114
Q

Gustatory Complex

A

In frontal lobe

115
Q

Olfaction

A

Smell

116
Q

Retronasal Olfaction

A

Smell enters from the back (eating food)

117
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

In nose, lined with cilia

118
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Processing of smell

119
Q

Multimodal Integration

A

Ability to integrate different modalities into a single perception

120
Q

McGurk Effect

A

Vision leads to altered hearing

121
Q

Double Flash Effect

A

Hearing leads to altered vision

122
Q

Syntesthesia

A

When you see a particular stimulus, you have a cross-modal response to it

123
Q

Autonomic Sensory Meridian Response

A

Certain audial and visual stimulation incurs tingling sensations in spine and scalp

124
Q

Distal Stimulus

A

Object in real world

125
Q

Proximal Stimulus

A

Image on retina

126
Q

Ambiguity

A

Open to multiple perceptions

PSYC-1000 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions