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PSYC-1000 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Objective Measurements

A

Measurements of a property that, within an allowed margin of error, is consistent across instruments and observers

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2
Q

Variable

A

The thing being measured

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3
Q

Operational definitions

A

Statements that describe the procedure and specific measures that are used to record observations

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4
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

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5
Q

Reliability

A

Degree to which a test produces similar scores each time it is used

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6
Q

Generalizability

A

The degree to which a test’s results can be applied to other situations

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7
Q

Population

A

Group of people researchers want to generalize about

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8
Q

Sample

A

Select group of population members

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9
Q

Random Sample

A

A technique in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being included

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10
Q

Convenience Sample

A

Subjects who are most readily available are chosen

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11
Q

Representative Sample

A

Sample that closely matches characteristics of population being studied

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12
Q

Ecological Validity

A

REsults of experiment can be repeated in the natural world

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13
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Change in behaviour due to the knowledge one is being observed

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14
Q

Social Desirability

A

Subject responds in ways they believe will grant them favour among the experimenters

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15
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Inadvertent cues given off by experimenter about how subjects are expected to behave

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16
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Beliefs about what is supposed to happen may bring about change

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17
Q

Single-blind

A

Only researcher knows about the purpose of the study

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18
Q

Double-blind

A

Neither researcher nor subject aware of exact treatment

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19
Q

Peer Review

A

Submitted articles reviewed by experts in that field of study

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20
Q

Replication

A

Repeating an experiment and getting a similar outcome

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21
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

Researcher’s anecdote used used to make a claim as evidence

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22
Q

Appeal to authority

A

The belief in an expert’s claim even when no supporting evidence is present

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23
Q

Appeal to common sense

A

A claim that appears to be sound but lacks supporting evidence

24
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Research that measures a property without numerical values

25
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Assigns numerical values to results

26
Q

Case Study

A

In Depth report about the case of a specific individual. Example: HM brain dude

27
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

Researcher unobtrusively observes subject in their natural environment

28
Q

Self-Reporting

A

Questions answered by the subjects. Establishes norms.

29
Q

Correlational Research

A

Studies the relationship between two variables.Correlation does not equal causation

30
Q

Illusory correlations

A

Relationships that only exist in the mind

31
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

A third, unseen variable is responsible for the correlation of two known variables

32
Q

Random Assignment

A

Technique of dividing a sample into two or more groups where participants are equally likely to be placed in any condition of experiment

33
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Variable outside researchers control that may provide an alternate explanation for results

34
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable manipulated by researcher

35
Q

Between-subjects design

A

An experiment in which we compare the performance of individuals who are in different groups

36
Q

Experimental Group

A

group that receives stimulus

37
Q

Control Group

A

Group that doesn’t receive stimulus

38
Q

Within - subjects design

A

Subjects experience all kinds of stimuli

39
Q

Quasi-experimental research

A

Two main groups to be compared selected based on predetermined characteristics

40
Q

REB

A

Research Ethics Board

41
Q

Informed Consent

A

Subject must give consent

42
Q

Deception

A

Misleading subjects as to what the purpose of the experiment is

43
Q

Debriefing

A

Full study is explained by researcher after experiment

44
Q

Descriptive Stats

A

Used to describe data

45
Q

Frequency

A

Number of scores that fall within a certain category

46
Q

Animal Rights Perspective

A

Animals shouldn’t be used in research

47
Q

Animal Welfare Perspective

A

Humans have the right to use animals; still must treat them fairly

48
Q

Normal Distrubtion

A

Symmetrical curve around the mode

49
Q

Positive Skew

A

Hill on left, tail to right

50
Q

Negative Skew

A

Hill on right, tail to left

51
Q

Mean, median, mode

A

Average, middle data point, most frequently occurring value

52
Q

Variability

A

Degree to which scores are dispersed

53
Q

Std Dev

A

Variability around the mean

54
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Assumes variation due to chance

55
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

Assumes variation due to experimenter

PSYC-1000 (13 decks)

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