Chapter 2

Question 1

Objective Measurements

Answer 1

Measurements of a property that, within an allowed margin of error, is consistent across instruments and observers

Question 2

Variable

Answer 2

The thing being measured

Question 3

Operational definitions

Answer 3

Statements that describe the procedure and specific measures that are used to record observations

Question 4

Validity

Answer 4

The degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

Question 5

Reliability

Answer 5

Degree to which a test produces similar scores each time it is used

Question 6

Generalizability

Answer 6

The degree to which a test’s results can be applied to other situations

Question 7

Population

Answer 7

Group of people researchers want to generalize about

Question 8

Sample

Answer 8

Select group of population members

Question 9

Random Sample

Answer 9

A technique in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being included

Question 10

Convenience Sample

Answer 10

Subjects who are most readily available are chosen

Question 11

Representative Sample

Answer 11

Sample that closely matches characteristics of population being studied

Question 12

Ecological Validity

Answer 12

REsults of experiment can be repeated in the natural world

Question 13

Hawthorne Effect

Answer 13

Change in behaviour due to the knowledge one is being observed

Question 14

Social Desirability

Answer 14

Subject responds in ways they believe will grant them favour among the experimenters

Question 15

Demand characteristics

Answer 15

Inadvertent cues given off by experimenter about how subjects are expected to behave

Question 16

Placebo Effect

Answer 16

Beliefs about what is supposed to happen may bring about change

Question 17

Single-blind

Answer 17

Only researcher knows about the purpose of the study

Question 18

Double-blind

Answer 18

Neither researcher nor subject aware of exact treatment

Question 19

Peer Review

Answer 19

Submitted articles reviewed by experts in that field of study

Question 20

Replication

Answer 20

Repeating an experiment and getting a similar outcome

Question 21

Anecdotal evidence

Answer 21

Researcher’s anecdote used used to make a claim as evidence

Question 22

Appeal to authority

Answer 22

The belief in an expert’s claim even when no supporting evidence is present

Question 23

Appeal to common sense

Answer 23

A claim that appears to be sound but lacks supporting evidence

Question 24

Qualitative Research

Answer 24

Research that measures a property without numerical values

Question 25

Quantitative Research

Answer 25

Assigns numerical values to results

Question 26

Case Study

Answer 26

In Depth report about the case of a specific individual. Example: HM brain dude

Question 27

Naturalistic Observations

Answer 27

Researcher unobtrusively observes subject in their natural environment

Question 28

Self-Reporting

Answer 28

Questions answered by the subjects. Establishes norms.

Question 29

Correlational Research

Answer 29

Studies the relationship between two variables.Correlation does not equal causation

Question 30

Illusory correlations

Answer 30

Relationships that only exist in the mind

Question 31

Third Variable Problem

Answer 31

A third, unseen variable is responsible for the correlation of two known variables

Question 32

Random Assignment

Answer 32

Technique of dividing a sample into two or more groups where participants are equally likely to be placed in any condition of experiment

Question 33

Confounding Variable

Answer 33

Variable outside researchers control that may provide an alternate explanation for results

Question 34

Independent variable

Answer 34

Variable manipulated by researcher

Question 35

Between-subjects design

Answer 35

An experiment in which we compare the performance of individuals who are in different groups

Question 36

Experimental Group

Answer 36

group that receives stimulus

Question 37

Control Group

Answer 37

Group that doesn't receive stimulus

Question 38

Within - subjects design

Answer 38

Subjects experience all kinds of stimuli

Question 39

Quasi-experimental research

Answer 39

Two main groups to be compared selected based on predetermined characteristics

Question 40

REB

Answer 40

Research Ethics Board

Question 41

Informed Consent

Answer 41

Subject must give consent

Question 42

Deception

Answer 42

Misleading subjects as to what the purpose of the experiment is

Question 43

Debriefing

Answer 43

Full study is explained by researcher after experiment

Question 44

Descriptive Stats

Answer 44

Used to describe data

Question 45

Frequency

Answer 45

Number of scores that fall within a certain category

Question 46

Animal Rights Perspective

Answer 46

Animals shouldn't be used in research

Question 47

Animal Welfare Perspective

Answer 47

Humans have the right to use animals; still must treat them fairly

Question 48

Normal Distrubtion

Answer 48

Symmetrical curve around the mode

Question 49

Positive Skew

Answer 49

Hill on left, tail to right

Question 50

Negative Skew

Answer 50

Hill on right, tail to left

Question 51

Mean, median, mode

Answer 51

Average, middle data point, most frequently occurring value

Question 52

Variability

Answer 52

Degree to which scores are dispersed

Question 53

Std Dev

Answer 53

Variability around the mean

Question 54

Null hypothesis

Answer 54

Assumes variation due to chance

Question 55

Experimental hypothesis

Answer 55

Assumes variation due to experimenter