Chapter 3 Flashcards by Emmit Hameed

Genes

Unit of heredity

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DNA

You know what this is

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Behavioural Genomics

Study of genes and how they are linked to behaviours

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Monozygotic Twins

Come from single egg

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Dizygotic Twins

Two different sperm, two different eggs

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Longitudinal Studies

Follow same group of individuals throughout many years

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Epigenetics

Changes in DNA expression without changing the genetic code

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Evolutionary Psychology

Examines the behaviours of people and the evolutionary benefits they may have had in the past

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Intrasexual selection

Competition within same sex

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Intersexual selection

Competition to win over female of other sex

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Neurons

Cells in human body responsible for sending and receiving signals

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Parts of neurons

Soma/cell body (houses nuclues)
Dendrites (branch-like structures that receive signals)
Axon (send signal to axon terminals)

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Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that allow neural cells to communicate with each other

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Glial Cells

Nourish neurons, remove waste products and dead neurons, form scar tissue, direct development of nervous system in embryos, provide insulation for axons, enhance brain’s immune system

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Myelin

Fatty sheath that insulates axons and improves transmission efficiency

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Resting potential

Negative voltage of cell under normal coniditions

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Action potential

Electrical impulse that generates near cell body and travels down axon

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Refractory Period

Neuron can not fire

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Synapse

Small spaces between neurons

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Sensory Neurons

Carry info to brain

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Motor neurons

Carry info away from brain

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Interneurons

Connecting neurons

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synaptic cleft

Space between terminal buttons and dendrites

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Reuptake

Neurotransmitters in the synapse get retracted by their presynaptic cell

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EPSPs

Excitatory post-synaptic potential. Increase positive charges in cells.

IPSPs

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential. Increase negative charges in cells.

Spatial summation

Adding of two events that occurred in same space

Temporal summation

Adding of two events that occurred at same time

Glutamate

Most common excitatory neurotransmitter

GABA

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine

Voluntary movement; found at junctions bewteen nerve cells and skeletal muscles

Dopamine

Mood

Serotonin

Mood, aggression

Norepinephrine

Stress, arousal

Agonists

Enhance/mimic effects of transmitters

Antagonists

Block neurotransmitters

Hormones

Secreted by glands of endocrine system

CNS

Brain and spinal cord

PNS

Not brain and spinal cord

Hindbrain

Structures associated with automatic processes

Midbrain

Some elements of auditory visual information, some aspects of motor control

Forebrain

Integrates sensory information

Endorphin

Reduces pain and induces feelings of pleasure

Somatic Nervous System

Part of PNS under voluntary control

Autonomic Nervous System

Part of PNS under involuntary control

Parasympathetic Nervous sytem

maintains body function, conserves resources

Sympathetic resources

Prepares body to expend energy in times of stress

Brainstem

bottom of brain. has medulla and pons

Medulla

Breathing, blood pressure, heart beat, sleep

Pons

Provides input to other brain stem structures and cerebellum

Cerebellum

"little brain" Involved with fine motor control, classical conditioning

Reticular Formation

Attention and Alertness

Tactum

Inferior and superior colliculus do some processing, (auditory and visual)

Substantia nigra

Origin of a dopamine pathway, important pathway in translating intention to action

Thalamus

Relay incoming info to appropriate area of brain

Basal Ganglia

Group of three structures responsible for planned movement, skill learning, and integrating sensory information with the reward system

Ventricles

Circulatory system of the brain. Provides cushioning and distributes nutrients

Cerbrum

2/3 mass of brain

Cerebral Cortex

Outer layer of neurons of brain

Corpus callosum

Relays messages between hemispheres

Amygdala

Memory formation from emotional events

Hippocampus

Learning and memory; new memories

Hypothalamus

Maintain homeostasis. Interfaces with pituitary gland.

Parietal Lobe

Sensations of touch, pain, temp

Occipital lobe

Back of head. Visual

Temporal Lobe

Hearing

Frontal Lobe

Motor control and cognition

Motor cortex

Controls action of body's voluntary movements

Somatosensory Cortex

Processes sensory input from various body areas

Association Cortex

Interprets and integrates information to plan appropriate responses

Neurosplasticity

Changes in brain.. Pioneered by Canadian Donald Hebb

Neurogenesis

Generation of new brain cells

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

EM pulse delivered to specific region of brain

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Allows researchers to measure white-matter pathways in the brain

PET

Measures blood flow to brain activities

fMRI

Measures brain activity