Chapter 9 Flashcards
The average North American has an estimated vocabulary of how many words?
20,000 to 100,000
How many words are produced each second?
3 words
An interdisciplinary field that examines how people use language to communicate ideas.
Psycholinguistics
what is our most remarkable cognitive achievement and most social cognitive process?
Language
Is the basic unit of spoken language such as the sounds a, k, th. ______ is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken
language
Phoneme
How many Phonemes are in the English language
40
the smallest unit, in a language, that carries meaning, either a word or part of a word such as a prefix. The basic unit of meaning.
Morpheme
Reactivated (Re, active, ate,ed) is an example of ___ because each segment conveys meaning.
Morpheme
The study of morpheme ___
Morphology
Examines how we create words by combining morphemes___
Morphology
The grammatical rules that govern how we organize words into sentences.
Syntax
Encompasses both morphology and syntax, it examines both word structure and sentence structure.
Grammar
___ Is the area of psycholinguistics that examines the meanings of a word, phrase, sentence, or text
Semantics
Refers to our organized knowledge about the world
Semantic Memory
knowledge of the social rules that underlie language, it takes into account the listeners perspective. Example how you explain a word to a child or an adult such as the word syntax.
Pragmatics
How many languages are spoken around the world?
7000
contributed to the decline of behaviorism
Chomsky’s approach
He proposed that humans have innate language skills. That is we have an inborn understanding of the abstract principles of language
Noam Chomsky
People have a set of specific language skills that are separate from other cognitive processes such as memory and decision making. Because language is ____ children learn complex linguistic structures before they master other simple tasks such as mental arithmetic.
Modular
the theory that language is Modular was by
Noam Chomsky
argues that language is not Modular
Standard Cognitive Approach
Language is interconnected with other cognitive processes such as working memory. We are masters at language because our powerful brains can master many cognitive tasks, language being just one of them it has the same status as tasks such as memory and problem solving.
Standard Cognitive Approach
The representation of a sentence based on the words that are actually spoken or written.
Surface Structure
The underlying more abstract meaning of a sentence.
Deep Structure
The processes used to convert deep structure(the basic idea of a sentence) into a surface structure(a spoken or written sentence)
Transformational Rule
Two sentences that have identical surface structure but very different deep structure.
Ambiguous Sentences
emphasis on human mind rather than on structure of
language, emphasis semantics
Psycholinguistic Theories
Emphasizes meaning
Psycholinguistic Theories
emphasized structure
Noam Chomsky
The idea that the function of human language in everyday life is to communicate meaning to other individuals.
Cognitive Functional Approach
What are factors that affect comprehension
- Negatives
- Passive Voice
- Complex Syntax
- Ambiguity
If a sentence contains a ___word such as not, no, or an implied___ such as rejected the sentence almost always requires more processing time than a similar affirmative sentence.
Negatives
not, no , rejected in a sentences is an example of
Negatives
It is more difficult to understand a sentence in ___ Voice
Passive Voice
Caesar was stabbed by Brutus example of _____ while Brutus stabbed Ceasure is an example of______
Passive Voice/ Active Voice
One phrase is embedded within another phrase is a ____, people often experience a memory overload when they try to read a sentence that has _____
Nested Structure
can result in memory overload
Nested Structures
good examples of ____ are newspaper headlines
Ambiguous language
In language comprehension the observation that people frequently process only part of a sentence. People do not work hard to create the most accurate detailed interpretation of every sentence they read or hear
Good Enough Approach
Is an example of heuristics( a general rule that usually produces a correct solution) In general we read quickly and we try to grasp the general meaning of a sentence. our knowledge of language leads us to an accurate interpretation how ever it can sometimes lead us to errors in language comprehension.
The good enough approach
The discipline that examines how the brain processes language.
Neurolinguistics
A person with ___ has a difficulty communicating, caused by damage to the speech area in the brain. Typically caused by a stroke or a tumor.
Aphasia
an expressive language deficit, trouble producing speech characterized by hesitant speech that primarily uses isolated words and short phrases this deficit is caused by damage to the Broca’s Area
Broca’s Aphasia
Located toward the front of the brain, that is important in speech production
Broca’s Area
damage to ____ area leads to _____ problems producing speech
Broca’s Area/ Broca’s Aphasia
___Is one of the locations of the brain that manges motor movements. to Produce speech you most move your lips and tongue therefore it makes sense that individuals with ____ have trouble producing speech.
Broca’s Area/Broca’s Aphasia
An area towards the back of the brain that is especially important in language comprehension.
Wernicke’s area
____ Is Severe problems with language comprehension (understanding language) (understanding instructions , caused by damage to ___ Many people with this also have a problem with language production.
Wernicke’s Aphasia/ Wernicke Area
people with ____ their spoken language is often wordy and confused and have less pauses
Wernicke Aphasia
People with speech disorders typically had more severe damage in the ____ hemisphere of the brain rather than the ___ hemisphere
left, right
The proposal that each hemisphere of the brain has different functions.
Lateralization
The ___ hemisphere performs most of the work in language processing for the majority of people specially active during speech perception it quickly selects the most likely interpretations of sounds. It is also active while reading or trying to understand the meaning of a statement, high imagery is active in this hemisphere.
left.
Is active when you are paying attention to the emotional tone of a message, appreciating humor. In general more responsible for more abstract language tasks.
Right Hemisphere
When do both hemispheres work together?
Interpreting subtle word meanings, resolving ambigiouities, and combining meaning of several sentences.
What neuroimaging technique is used to investigate language
FMRI
Oxygen rich blood is an index of brain activity in a particular area.
FMRI
A relatively new neuroscience technique that compensates for the problem of individual differences in teh anatomical structures of the language related regions of the brain. Research gathered with FMRI data while a person performs several complex language tasks and then uses this to create a linguistic map that applies to that specific person.
language localizer Task
Is a network of neurons in the brain’s motor cortex these neurons are active when you watch someone perform an action.
Mirror System
___ also plays a role in language comprehension they may be especially active when we try to listen to someone talking in a noisy setting where we really need assistance, we can comprehend a message from the action of others. (nonverbal aspects of communication)
Mirror System.
the proposal that skilled readers use both direct access route( do not sound out words) and an indirect access route (sound out words) to recognize words during reading.
Dual Route Approach to reading
During reading when a word is recognized directly through vision, without sounding out the word.
Direct Access Route
During reading when as soon as the word is seen the letters on the page are translated into some form of sound, before the word and its meaning can be accessed.
Indirect Access Route
Likely to use this if the word is irregular spelling and cannot be sounded out (one or through)
Direct Access
Likely to use this if the word has regular spelling and can be sounded out (ten and cabinet)
Indirect Access
Children/ Begining Readers often use ____ to recognize words while reading
Indirect Access
The ___ ___ you can use both when you read. when you read a long uncommon word you use indirect while for the common word you might use direct access all within the same sentence.
Dual route approach
if a reader relies heavily on indirect accese they are usually
beginner or poor reader
argues that readers can directly connect the written word as an entire unit with the meaning that this word represents (encourages children to identify a word in terms of its context within a sentence)
Whole word approach to teaching reading
what approach is favored within people who are supporters of direct access
Whole word approach
states that readers recognize words by trying to pronounce the individual letters in the word. “sound it out”
Phonics Approach
reading instruction should emphasize meaning and it should be enjoyable to increase childrens enthusiasm about learning to read, integrate reading throughtout the curriculum and at home.
Whole Language approach
Interrelated units of language that are longer than a sentence. (listening to a story in the radio, a friend tell a story, reading a book)
Discourse
conclusions that go beyond isolated phrases or sentences.
Inferences
A specific kind of metacognition which refers to your ideas about how your own mind works as well as how other peoples minds work. ( try to figure out the mental state of other people in our lives)
Theory of Mind
Trying to figure out the mental state of other people in our lives is a kind of
metacognition
we make___ while reading we use our world knowledge in order to access information that is not explicitly stated in a written passage
Inferences
Readers usually draw inferences about the causes of events and the relationship between events.
Constructionist view of inferences
why is it called the constructionist view
because readers construct cohesive explanations when they integrate the current information with all the relevant information from the previous part of the text as well as background knowledge.
you are more likely to draw inferences if you have a larger
working memory capacity, excellent metacomprehension skills, experts on the subject
less likely to draw inferences while reading
scientific text
an artificial intelligence program that was designed to understand language and can perform some useful analyses. It can only learn from written text
LSA (latent Sematic analysis)
Knowledge and control of congintive proceses helps supervise the way one selects and uses memory strategies.
metacongintion
refers to a persons thoughts which specifically focus on language comprehensions. focuses on reading comprehension rather than one of the comprehension on spoken language.
metacomprehension
