Chapter 9 Flashcards
The average North American has an estimated vocabulary of how many words?
20,000 to 100,000
How many words are produced each second?
3 words
An interdisciplinary field that examines how people use language to communicate ideas.
Psycholinguistics
what is our most remarkable cognitive achievement and most social cognitive process?
Language
Is the basic unit of spoken language such as the sounds a, k, th. ______ is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken
language
Phoneme
How many Phonemes are in the English language
40
the smallest unit, in a language, that carries meaning, either a word or part of a word such as a prefix. The basic unit of meaning.
Morpheme
Reactivated (Re, active, ate,ed) is an example of ___ because each segment conveys meaning.
Morpheme
The study of morpheme ___
Morphology
Examines how we create words by combining morphemes___
Morphology
The grammatical rules that govern how we organize words into sentences.
Syntax
Encompasses both morphology and syntax, it examines both word structure and sentence structure.
Grammar
___ Is the area of psycholinguistics that examines the meanings of a word, phrase, sentence, or text
Semantics
Refers to our organized knowledge about the world
Semantic Memory
knowledge of the social rules that underlie language, it takes into account the listeners perspective. Example how you explain a word to a child or an adult such as the word syntax.
Pragmatics
How many languages are spoken around the world?
7000
contributed to the decline of behaviorism
Chomsky’s approach
He proposed that humans have innate language skills. That is we have an inborn understanding of the abstract principles of language
Noam Chomsky
People have a set of specific language skills that are separate from other cognitive processes such as memory and decision making. Because language is ____ children learn complex linguistic structures before they master other simple tasks such as mental arithmetic.
Modular
the theory that language is Modular was by
Noam Chomsky
argues that language is not Modular
Standard Cognitive Approach
Language is interconnected with other cognitive processes such as working memory. We are masters at language because our powerful brains can master many cognitive tasks, language being just one of them it has the same status as tasks such as memory and problem solving.
Standard Cognitive Approach
The representation of a sentence based on the words that are actually spoken or written.
Surface Structure
The underlying more abstract meaning of a sentence.
Deep Structure
The processes used to convert deep structure(the basic idea of a sentence) into a surface structure(a spoken or written sentence)
Transformational Rule
Two sentences that have identical surface structure but very different deep structure.
Ambiguous Sentences
emphasis on human mind rather than on structure of
language, emphasis semantics
Psycholinguistic Theories
Emphasizes meaning
Psycholinguistic Theories
emphasized structure
Noam Chomsky
The idea that the function of human language in everyday life is to communicate meaning to other individuals.
Cognitive Functional Approach
What are factors that affect comprehension
- Negatives
- Passive Voice
- Complex Syntax
- Ambiguity
If a sentence contains a ___word such as not, no, or an implied___ such as rejected the sentence almost always requires more processing time than a similar affirmative sentence.
Negatives
not, no , rejected in a sentences is an example of
Negatives