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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

The average North American has an estimated vocabulary of how many words?

A

20,000 to 100,000

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2
Q

How many words are produced each second?

A

3 words

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3
Q

An interdisciplinary field that examines how people use language to communicate ideas.

A

Psycholinguistics

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4
Q

what is our most remarkable cognitive achievement and most social cognitive process?

A

Language

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5
Q

Is the basic unit of spoken language such as the sounds a, k, th. ______ is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken
language

A

Phoneme

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6
Q

How many Phonemes are in the English language

A

40

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7
Q

the smallest unit, in a language, that carries meaning, either a word or part of a word such as a prefix. The basic unit of meaning.

A

Morpheme

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8
Q

Reactivated (Re, active, ate,ed) is an example of ___ because each segment conveys meaning.

A

Morpheme

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9
Q

The study of morpheme ___

A

Morphology

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10
Q

Examines how we create words by combining morphemes___

A

Morphology

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11
Q

The grammatical rules that govern how we organize words into sentences.

A

Syntax

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12
Q

Encompasses both morphology and syntax, it examines both word structure and sentence structure.

A

Grammar

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13
Q

___ Is the area of psycholinguistics that examines the meanings of a word, phrase, sentence, or text

A

Semantics

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14
Q

Refers to our organized knowledge about the world

A

Semantic Memory

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15
Q

knowledge of the social rules that underlie language, it takes into account the listeners perspective. Example how you explain a word to a child or an adult such as the word syntax.

A

Pragmatics

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16
Q

How many languages are spoken around the world?

A

7000

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17
Q

contributed to the decline of behaviorism

A

Chomsky’s approach

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18
Q

He proposed that humans have innate language skills. That is we have an inborn understanding of the abstract principles of language

A

Noam Chomsky

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19
Q

People have a set of specific language skills that are separate from other cognitive processes such as memory and decision making. Because language is ____ children learn complex linguistic structures before they master other simple tasks such as mental arithmetic.

A

Modular

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20
Q

the theory that language is Modular was by

A

Noam Chomsky

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21
Q

argues that language is not Modular

A

Standard Cognitive Approach

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22
Q

Language is interconnected with other cognitive processes such as working memory. We are masters at language because our powerful brains can master many cognitive tasks, language being just one of them it has the same status as tasks such as memory and problem solving.

A

Standard Cognitive Approach

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23
Q

The representation of a sentence based on the words that are actually spoken or written.

A

Surface Structure

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24
Q

The underlying more abstract meaning of a sentence.

A

Deep Structure

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25
Q

The processes used to convert deep structure(the basic idea of a sentence) into a surface structure(a spoken or written sentence)

A

Transformational Rule

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26
Q

Two sentences that have identical surface structure but very different deep structure.

A

Ambiguous Sentences

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27
Q

emphasis on human mind rather than on structure of

language, emphasis semantics

A

Psycholinguistic Theories

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28
Q

Emphasizes meaning

A

Psycholinguistic Theories

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29
Q

emphasized structure

A

Noam Chomsky

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30
Q

The idea that the function of human language in everyday life is to communicate meaning to other individuals.

A

Cognitive Functional Approach

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31
Q

What are factors that affect comprehension

A
  • Negatives
  • Passive Voice
  • Complex Syntax
  • Ambiguity
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32
Q

If a sentence contains a ___word such as not, no, or an implied___ such as rejected the sentence almost always requires more processing time than a similar affirmative sentence.

A

Negatives

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33
Q

not, no , rejected in a sentences is an example of

A

Negatives

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34
Q

It is more difficult to understand a sentence in ___ Voice

A

Passive Voice

35
Q

Caesar was stabbed by Brutus example of _____ while Brutus stabbed Ceasure is an example of______

A

Passive Voice/ Active Voice

36
Q

One phrase is embedded within another phrase is a ____, people often experience a memory overload when they try to read a sentence that has _____

A

Nested Structure

37
Q

can result in memory overload

A

Nested Structures

38
Q

good examples of ____ are newspaper headlines

A

Ambiguous language

39
Q

In language comprehension the observation that people frequently process only part of a sentence. People do not work hard to create the most accurate detailed interpretation of every sentence they read or hear

A

Good Enough Approach

40
Q

Is an example of heuristics( a general rule that usually produces a correct solution) In general we read quickly and we try to grasp the general meaning of a sentence. our knowledge of language leads us to an accurate interpretation how ever it can sometimes lead us to errors in language comprehension.

A

The good enough approach

41
Q

The discipline that examines how the brain processes language.

A

Neurolinguistics

42
Q

A person with ___ has a difficulty communicating, caused by damage to the speech area in the brain. Typically caused by a stroke or a tumor.

A

Aphasia

43
Q

an expressive language deficit, trouble producing speech characterized by hesitant speech that primarily uses isolated words and short phrases this deficit is caused by damage to the Broca’s Area

A

Broca’s Aphasia

44
Q

Located toward the front of the brain, that is important in speech production

A

Broca’s Area

45
Q

damage to ____ area leads to _____ problems producing speech

A

Broca’s Area/ Broca’s Aphasia

46
Q

___Is one of the locations of the brain that manges motor movements. to Produce speech you most move your lips and tongue therefore it makes sense that individuals with ____ have trouble producing speech.

A

Broca’s Area/Broca’s Aphasia

47
Q

An area towards the back of the brain that is especially important in language comprehension.

A

Wernicke’s area

48
Q

____ Is Severe problems with language comprehension (understanding language) (understanding instructions , caused by damage to ___ Many people with this also have a problem with language production.

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia/ Wernicke Area

49
Q

people with ____ their spoken language is often wordy and confused and have less pauses

A

Wernicke Aphasia

50
Q

People with speech disorders typically had more severe damage in the ____ hemisphere of the brain rather than the ___ hemisphere

A

left, right

51
Q

The proposal that each hemisphere of the brain has different functions.

A

Lateralization

52
Q

The ___ hemisphere performs most of the work in language processing for the majority of people specially active during speech perception it quickly selects the most likely interpretations of sounds. It is also active while reading or trying to understand the meaning of a statement, high imagery is active in this hemisphere.

A

left.

53
Q

Is active when you are paying attention to the emotional tone of a message, appreciating humor. In general more responsible for more abstract language tasks.

A

Right Hemisphere

54
Q

When do both hemispheres work together?

A

Interpreting subtle word meanings, resolving ambigiouities, and combining meaning of several sentences.

55
Q

What neuroimaging technique is used to investigate language

A

FMRI

56
Q

Oxygen rich blood is an index of brain activity in a particular area.

A

FMRI

57
Q

A relatively new neuroscience technique that compensates for the problem of individual differences in teh anatomical structures of the language related regions of the brain. Research gathered with FMRI data while a person performs several complex language tasks and then uses this to create a linguistic map that applies to that specific person.

A

language localizer Task

58
Q

Is a network of neurons in the brain’s motor cortex these neurons are active when you watch someone perform an action.

A

Mirror System

59
Q

___ also plays a role in language comprehension they may be especially active when we try to listen to someone talking in a noisy setting where we really need assistance, we can comprehend a message from the action of others. (nonverbal aspects of communication)

A

Mirror System.

60
Q

the proposal that skilled readers use both direct access route( do not sound out words) and an indirect access route (sound out words) to recognize words during reading.

A

Dual Route Approach to reading

61
Q

During reading when a word is recognized directly through vision, without sounding out the word.

A

Direct Access Route

62
Q

During reading when as soon as the word is seen the letters on the page are translated into some form of sound, before the word and its meaning can be accessed.

A

Indirect Access Route

63
Q

Likely to use this if the word is irregular spelling and cannot be sounded out (one or through)

A

Direct Access

64
Q

Likely to use this if the word has regular spelling and can be sounded out (ten and cabinet)

A

Indirect Access

65
Q

Children/ Begining Readers often use ____ to recognize words while reading

A

Indirect Access

66
Q

The ___ ___ you can use both when you read. when you read a long uncommon word you use indirect while for the common word you might use direct access all within the same sentence.

A

Dual route approach

67
Q

if a reader relies heavily on indirect accese they are usually

A

beginner or poor reader

68
Q

argues that readers can directly connect the written word as an entire unit with the meaning that this word represents (encourages children to identify a word in terms of its context within a sentence)

A

Whole word approach to teaching reading

69
Q

what approach is favored within people who are supporters of direct access

A

Whole word approach

70
Q

states that readers recognize words by trying to pronounce the individual letters in the word. “sound it out”

A

Phonics Approach

71
Q

reading instruction should emphasize meaning and it should be enjoyable to increase childrens enthusiasm about learning to read, integrate reading throughtout the curriculum and at home.

A

Whole Language approach

72
Q

Interrelated units of language that are longer than a sentence. (listening to a story in the radio, a friend tell a story, reading a book)

A

Discourse

73
Q

conclusions that go beyond isolated phrases or sentences.

A

Inferences

74
Q

A specific kind of metacognition which refers to your ideas about how your own mind works as well as how other peoples minds work. ( try to figure out the mental state of other people in our lives)

A

Theory of Mind

75
Q

Trying to figure out the mental state of other people in our lives is a kind of

A

metacognition

76
Q

we make___ while reading we use our world knowledge in order to access information that is not explicitly stated in a written passage

A

Inferences

77
Q

Readers usually draw inferences about the causes of events and the relationship between events.

A

Constructionist view of inferences

78
Q

why is it called the constructionist view

A

because readers construct cohesive explanations when they integrate the current information with all the relevant information from the previous part of the text as well as background knowledge.

79
Q

you are more likely to draw inferences if you have a larger

A

working memory capacity, excellent metacomprehension skills, experts on the subject

80
Q

less likely to draw inferences while reading

A

scientific text

81
Q

an artificial intelligence program that was designed to understand language and can perform some useful analyses. It can only learn from written text

A

LSA (latent Sematic analysis)

82
Q

Knowledge and control of congintive proceses helps supervise the way one selects and uses memory strategies.

A

metacongintion

83
Q

refers to a persons thoughts which specifically focus on language comprehensions. focuses on reading comprehension rather than one of the comprehension on spoken language.

A

metacomprehension

Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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