Chapter 5 Flashcards
The brief immediate memory for the limited amount of material that a person is currently processing. Part of working memory also actively coordinated ongoing mental activities. (this memory is fragile)
Working Memory
How long can long term memory retain information
for decades/indefinite amount of time.
The large capacity memory for experiences and information accumulated throughout one’s life. atkinson and shiffrin proposed that It is relatively permanent and not likely to be lost.
Long Term Memory
Focuses on your memories for events that happened to you personally, it allows you to travel backwards in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life. (events/experiences)
Episodic Memory
Describes your organized knowledge about the world including your knowledge about words and other factual information (facts/concepts)
Semantic Memory
Refers to your knowledge about how to do something. (skills and tasks)
Procedural Memory
the initial acquisition of information.You process information and represent it in your memory
Encoding
Locating information in memory storage and accessing that information.
retrieval
Refers to memory for experiences and information that are related to yourself. Usually includes a verbal narrative, it may include imagery about these events, emotional reactions, and procedural information. it is a vital part of your identity because it shapes your personal history and your self concept
Autobiographical Memory
A theory of memory processing that deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate recall than shallow, sensory kind of processing. People achieve a deeper level of processing when they extract more meaning from a stimulus. (analyzing in deeper level)
Level of processing approach
Who proposed the levels of processing approach
Ferfus Craik and Robert Lockhart
what two factors encourage deep levels of processing
distinctiveness and elaboration
In the level of processing approach to memory the situation in which one memory trace is different from all other memory traces. people tend to forget information if it is not distinctly different from the other memory traces in their long term memory.
Distinctiveness
In the level of processing approach to memory rich processing that emphasizes the meaning of a particular concept. it also relates the concept to prior knowledge and interconnected concepts already mastered.
Elaboration
Where you were and the people you were with when you found out about the 9/11 attacks
Example of episodic memory
Recalling that Washington, D.C., is the U.S. capital and Washington is a state.Recognizing the names of colors, remembering what a dog is.
Example of semantic Memory
How to ride a bike, how to ski, how to send an email, driving a car
Example of Procedural Memory
The enhancement of long-term memory by relating the material to oneself.
Self Reference Effect
requires organization and elaboration which increase the probability of recalling an item.
Self Reference
thinking about a word in connection to yourself example if the word generous applies to you, you start to recall all the times you have been generous in the past.
Example of Self Reference
what kind of instance does our cognitive process handle better? Example people are more likely to recall words that apply to themselves over words that do not.
Positive Instances
a statistical method for synthesizing numerous studies on a single topic. computes a statistical index that tells us whether a particular variable has statistically significant effect when combining all studies.
Meta analysis
what are the factors responsible for self reference effect?
- the self produces an especially rich set of distinctive cues. 2.self reference encourages people to how their personal traits are connected with one another. 3. you rehearse material more frequently if it is associated with yourself.
The observation that recall is often better if the context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time of retrieval.
Encoding Specific Principle
thinking you want ice cream while in the bed room going to the kitchen and forgetting why you went to the kitchen you go back to the bedroom (where you formed that memory) you remember why you went to kitchen.. for some ice cream. is an element of what
Encoding Specific Principle
Recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding.
Encoding Specific Principle
In what setting is it better to observe encoding specific principle? and why doesn’t it work in ___ settings? because they often use recognition tasks and the information presented had been done no more than an hour before.
Rea life, not laboratory
In memory research a task requiring the participant to reproduce items learned earlier.
Recall Task
An explicit memory task that requires participants to identify which items on a list had been present at an earlier time.
Recognition Task
can you remember the definition for elaboration? Is an example of what kind of task?
Recall Task
Did the word morphology appear earlier in this chapter? is an example of what kind of task?
Recognition Task
What kind of task is often used in laboratory setting? and why
Recognition Task
Encoding Specificity effect is most likely to occur in memory task that
a)asses your recall, b)use real life incidents, c) examine events that happened long ago.
how something looks is what kind of context
Physical Context
How you felt at the time is what kind of context
Mental Context
A brief psychological reaction to a specific stimulus.
Emotion
A general long lasting experience
Mood
What kind of stimuli is more memorable? negative, positive or neutral?
Positive stimuli
we tend to recall material more accurately if our mood matches the emotional nature of the material A memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one’s mood.
Mood Congruency
When you’re upset about something and start crying, you think about a bunch of other events that make/have made you sad and result in you crying more. is an example of
Mood congruency
In memory and other cognitive processes, the principle that people usually process pleasant items more efficiently and more accurately than less pleasant items.
Pollyanna Principle
In what kind of stimuli is the background more memorable? positive, negative or neutral?
neutral, because when the central stimuli is boring people explore and remember the background more accurately .
When is neutral stimuli more likely to be recalled? when associated with a pleasant stimuli like a funny cartoon or when associated with a negative stimuli like a movie about war?
neutral stimuli is more associated with pleasant stimuli because anger and violence typically reduces memory accuracy.
over time what kind of memories typically fade? pleasant memories or unpleasant?
Unpleasant memories
A phenomena showing that people tend to rate previous negative evens more positively with the passing of time.
Positivity effect
people suffer from depression are likely to later recall an unpleasant event how?
unpleasant events remain unpleasant
A memory task in which participants are instructed to remember some information and later a recall or recognition test requires them to intentionally retrieve that previously learned information.
Explicit Memory Task
An indirect measure of memory. Participants see the material (usually a series of words or pictures) later during the test phase they are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask for either recall or recognition. Previous experience with the material facilitates performance on the later task.
Implicit Memory Task
Recall and Recognition are both
Explicit Memory Tasks
most common explicit memory task
recall
what kind of task requires you to reproduce items that you learned earlier
Recall task
what kind of task requires you to identify which items on a list has been presented at an earlier item.
Recognition Task
A memory task in which recent exposure to a word increases the likelyhood that a person will think of that particular word when given a cue that could evoke many different words. (Implicity Memory task)
Repetition Priming Task
Occurs when a variable has large effect on test A but little to no effect on test b. it can also occur when a variable has one kind of effect if measure by test a and the opposite effect if measured by test b.
Dissociation
Depth of processing has a large positive effect on what kind of memory (semantic encoding)
explicit memory
Depth of processing has no effect or even negative effect on what kind of memory
implicit memory
in which a person experiences at least 6 months of intesne long lasting anxiety and worry
generalized anxiety (anxiety disorder)
in which a person keeps re experiencing an extremely traumatic event
ptsd (anxiety disorder)
In which a person becomes extremely anxious in social situations
social phobia (anxiety disorder)
severe deficit on episodic memory(events and experiences)
Amnesia
the inability to form memories for events that occur after brain damage.
anterograde Amnesia
Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage. this deficit is especially severe for events that occurred during the years just before the damage
Retrograde amnesia
people with amnesia perform poorly in explicit memory task but perform the same as people who do not suffer from amnesia in implicit memory tasks is an example of
Dissociation
A person’s impressive cognitive abilities or this persons consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks in a particular area.
Expertise
an example of expertise, do to the amount of exposure they have to their own ethnic group over others. making them experts at identifying individuals that belong to their ethnic group.
Own ethnicity Bias
the observation that people are generally more accurate in identifying members of their own ethnic group than members of another ethnic group. (expertise and Distinctiveness)
Own ethnicity Bias
when identifying faces we put genuine effort to learn facial _____ that are relevant to that particular ethnic group.
Distinctiveness
autobiographical memories are typically high in what kind of validity
Ecological validity
Generalized well integrated knowledge about a situation an event or a person. _____ allow people to predict what will happen in a new situation. these predictions are generally correct. (distilled from past experiences)
Schema
In autobiographical memory the tendency to exaggerate the consistency between past feelings or beliefs and ones current view point. “the way we were depends on the way we are” as a result we underestimate how much we have changed.
Consistency Bias
we tell our life stories so that they are consistent with our current schemas about ourselves is an example of
consistency Bias
the process of trying to identify the origin of a particular memory.
Source Monitoring
an error in which you make a mistake by thinking that source A provided some information when Source B actually provided this information.
Source Monitoring Error
the attempt to identify whether an event really occurred or whether the event was imagined.
Reality Monitoring
Memory for the circumstances in which one first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event they can usually be explained by rehearsal frequency, distinctiveness and elaboration.
Flash bulb memory
Both flashbulb memories and ordinary memories grow____ accurate with the passage of time.
less
what errors can lead to faulty eye witness testimony
own ethnicity bias, source monitoring errors, and memory schemas.
in eyewitness testimony when people first view an event and then are given misleading information about the event. later on they mistakenly recall the misleading information rather than the event they actually saw.
Post event misinformation effect
Difficulty learning or recalling new material because some previously learned material continues to interfere with the information of new memories
Proactive Interference
In memory people often experience difficulty in learning or recalling old material because some recently learned material interferes with these old memories.
Retroactive Interference
In long term memory the proposal that people construct knowledge by integrating the information they know. as a result their understanding of an event or a topic is coherent and it makes sense.
Constructive Approach
The proposal that some individuals who experienced sexual abused during childhood managed to forget that memory for many years. at a later time this presumably forgotten memory may come flooding back into consciousness.
Recovered Memory Perspective
The proposal that most recovered memories are actually incorrect memories, in other words these recovered memories are constructed stories about events that never occurred.
False Memory Perspective
An explanation of recovered memory that emphasizes the adaptive nature of memory actively inhibiting memories of abuse may be necessary in order to maintain an attachment to a parent or care taker.
Betrayal Trauma
