Chapter 5

Question 1

The brief immediate memory for the limited amount of material that a person is currently processing. Part of working memory also actively coordinated ongoing mental activities. (this memory is fragile)

Answer 1

Working Memory

Question 2

How long can long term memory retain information

Answer 2

for decades/indefinite amount of time.

Question 3

The large capacity memory for experiences and information accumulated throughout one’s life. atkinson and shiffrin proposed that It is relatively permanent and not likely to be lost.

Answer 3

Long Term Memory

Question 4

Focuses on your memories for events that happened to you personally, it allows you to travel backwards in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life. (events/experiences)

Answer 4

Episodic Memory

Question 5

Describes your organized knowledge about the world including your knowledge about words and other factual information (facts/concepts)

Answer 5

Semantic Memory

Question 6

Refers to your knowledge about how to do something. (skills and tasks)

Answer 6

Procedural Memory

Question 7

the initial acquisition of information.You process information and represent it in your memory

Answer 7

Encoding

Question 8

Locating information in memory storage and accessing that information.

Answer 8

retrieval

Question 9

Refers to memory for experiences and information that are related to yourself. Usually includes a verbal narrative, it may include imagery about these events, emotional reactions, and procedural information. it is a vital part of your identity because it shapes your personal history and your self concept

Answer 9

Autobiographical Memory

Question 10

A theory of memory processing that deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate recall than shallow, sensory kind of processing. People achieve a deeper level of processing when they extract more meaning from a stimulus. (analyzing in deeper level)

Answer 10

Level of processing approach

Question 11

Who proposed the levels of processing approach

Answer 11

Ferfus Craik and Robert Lockhart

Question 12

what two factors encourage deep levels of processing

Answer 12

distinctiveness and elaboration

Question 13

In the level of processing approach to memory the situation in which one memory trace is different from all other memory traces. people tend to forget information if it is not distinctly different from the other memory traces in their long term memory.

Answer 13

Distinctiveness

Question 14

In the level of processing approach to memory rich processing that emphasizes the meaning of a particular concept. it also relates the concept to prior knowledge and interconnected concepts already mastered.

Answer 14

Elaboration

Question 15

Where you were and the people you were with when you found out about the 9/11 attacks

Answer 15

Example of episodic memory

Question 16

Recalling that Washington, D.C., is the U.S. capital and Washington is a state.Recognizing the names of colors, remembering what a dog is.

Answer 16

Example of semantic Memory

Question 17

How to ride a bike, how to ski, how to send an email, driving a car

Answer 17

Example of Procedural Memory

Question 18

The enhancement of long-term memory by relating the material to oneself.

Answer 18

Self Reference Effect

Question 19

requires organization and elaboration which increase the probability of recalling an item.

Answer 19

Self Reference

Question 20

thinking about a word in connection to yourself example if the word generous applies to you, you start to recall all the times you have been generous in the past.

Answer 20

Example of Self Reference

Question 21

what kind of instance does our cognitive process handle better? Example people are more likely to recall words that apply to themselves over words that do not.

Answer 21

Positive Instances

Question 22

a statistical method for synthesizing numerous studies on a single topic. computes a statistical index that tells us whether a particular variable has statistically significant effect when combining all studies.

Answer 22

Meta analysis

Question 23

what are the factors responsible for self reference effect?

Answer 23

1. the self produces an especially rich set of distinctive cues. 2.self reference encourages people to how their personal traits are connected with one another. 3. you rehearse material more frequently if it is associated with yourself.

Question 24

The observation that recall is often better if the context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time of retrieval.

Answer 24

Encoding Specific Principle

Question 25

thinking you want ice cream while in the bed room going to the kitchen and forgetting why you went to the kitchen you go back to the bedroom (where you formed that memory) you remember why you went to kitchen.. for some ice cream. is an element of what

Answer 25

Encoding Specific Principle

Question 26

Recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding.

Answer 26

Encoding Specific Principle

Question 27

In what setting is it better to observe encoding specific principle? and why doesn’t it work in ___ settings? because they often use recognition tasks and the information presented had been done no more than an hour before.

Answer 27

Rea life, not laboratory

Question 28

In memory research a task requiring the participant to reproduce items learned earlier.

Answer 28

Recall Task

Question 29

An explicit memory task that requires participants to identify which items on a list had been present at an earlier time.

Answer 29

Recognition Task

Question 30

can you remember the definition for elaboration? Is an example of what kind of task?

Answer 30

Recall Task

Question 31

Did the word morphology appear earlier in this chapter? is an example of what kind of task?

Answer 31

Recognition Task

Question 32

What kind of task is often used in laboratory setting? and why

Answer 32

Recognition Task

Question 33

Encoding Specificity effect is most likely to occur in memory task that

Answer 33

a)asses your recall, b)use real life incidents, c) examine events that happened long ago.

Question 34

how something looks is what kind of context

Answer 34

Physical Context

Question 35

How you felt at the time is what kind of context

Answer 35

Mental Context

Question 36

A brief psychological reaction to a specific stimulus.

Answer 36

Emotion

Question 37

A general long lasting experience

Answer 37

Mood

Question 38

What kind of stimuli is more memorable? negative, positive or neutral?

Answer 38

Positive stimuli

Question 39

we tend to recall material more accurately if our mood matches the emotional nature of the material A memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one’s mood.

Answer 39

Mood Congruency

Question 40

When you’re upset about something and start crying, you think about a bunch of other events that make/have made you sad and result in you crying more. is an example of

Answer 40

Mood congruency

Question 41

In memory and other cognitive processes, the principle that people usually process pleasant items more efficiently and more accurately than less pleasant items.

Answer 41

Pollyanna Principle

Question 42

In what kind of stimuli is the background more memorable? positive, negative or neutral?

Answer 42

neutral, because when the central stimuli is boring people explore and remember the background more accurately .

Question 43

When is neutral stimuli more likely to be recalled? when associated with a pleasant stimuli like a funny cartoon or when associated with a negative stimuli like a movie about war?

Answer 43

neutral stimuli is more associated with pleasant stimuli because anger and violence typically reduces memory accuracy.

Question 44

over time what kind of memories typically fade? pleasant memories or unpleasant?

Answer 44

Unpleasant memories

Question 45

A phenomena showing that people tend to rate previous negative evens more positively with the passing of time.

Answer 45

Positivity effect

Question 46

people suffer from depression are likely to later recall an unpleasant event how?

Answer 46

unpleasant events remain unpleasant

Question 47

A memory task in which participants are instructed to remember some information and later a recall or recognition test requires them to intentionally retrieve that previously learned information.

Answer 47

Explicit Memory Task

Question 48

An indirect measure of memory. Participants see the material (usually a series of words or pictures) later during the test phase they are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask for either recall or recognition. Previous experience with the material facilitates performance on the later task.

Answer 48

Implicit Memory Task

Question 49

Recall and Recognition are both

Answer 49

Explicit Memory Tasks

Question 50

most common explicit memory task

Answer 50

recall

Question 51

what kind of task requires you to reproduce items that you learned earlier

Answer 51

Recall task

Question 52

what kind of task requires you to identify which items on a list has been presented at an earlier item.

Answer 52

Recognition Task

Question 53

A memory task in which recent exposure to a word increases the likelyhood that a person will think of that particular word when given a cue that could evoke many different words. (Implicity Memory task)

Answer 53

Repetition Priming Task

Question 54

Occurs when a variable has large effect on test A but little to no effect on test b. it can also occur when a variable has one kind of effect if measure by test a and the opposite effect if measured by test b.

Answer 54

Dissociation

Question 55

Depth of processing has a large positive effect on what kind of memory (semantic encoding)

Answer 55

explicit memory

Question 56

Depth of processing has no effect or even negative effect on what kind of memory

Answer 56

implicit memory

Question 57

in which a person experiences at least 6 months of intesne long lasting anxiety and worry

Answer 57

generalized anxiety (anxiety disorder)

Question 58

in which a person keeps re experiencing an extremely traumatic event

Answer 58

ptsd (anxiety disorder)

Question 59

In which a person becomes extremely anxious in social situations

Answer 59

social phobia (anxiety disorder)

Question 60

severe deficit on episodic memory(events and experiences)

Answer 60

Amnesia

Question 61

the inability to form memories for events that occur after brain damage.

Answer 61

anterograde Amnesia

Question 62

Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage. this deficit is especially severe for events that occurred during the years just before the damage

Answer 62

Retrograde amnesia

Question 63

people with amnesia perform poorly in explicit memory task but perform the same as people who do not suffer from amnesia in implicit memory tasks is an example of

Answer 63

Dissociation

Question 64

A person’s impressive cognitive abilities or this persons consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks in a particular area.

Answer 64

Expertise

Question 65

an example of expertise, do to the amount of exposure they have to their own ethnic group over others. making them experts at identifying individuals that belong to their ethnic group.

Answer 65

Own ethnicity Bias

Question 66

the observation that people are generally more accurate in identifying members of their own ethnic group than members of another ethnic group. (expertise and Distinctiveness)

Answer 66

Own ethnicity Bias

Question 67

when identifying faces we put genuine effort to learn facial _____ that are relevant to that particular ethnic group.

Answer 67

Distinctiveness

Question 68

autobiographical memories are typically high in what kind of validity

Answer 68

Ecological validity

Question 69

Generalized well integrated knowledge about a situation an event or a person. _____ allow people to predict what will happen in a new situation. these predictions are generally correct. (distilled from past experiences)

Answer 69

Schema

Question 70

In autobiographical memory the tendency to exaggerate the consistency between past feelings or beliefs and ones current view point. “the way we were depends on the way we are” as a result we underestimate how much we have changed.

Answer 70

Consistency Bias

Question 71

we tell our life stories so that they are consistent with our current schemas about ourselves is an example of

Answer 71

consistency Bias

Question 72

the process of trying to identify the origin of a particular memory.

Answer 72

Source Monitoring

Question 73

an error in which you make a mistake by thinking that source A provided some information when Source B actually provided this information.

Answer 73

Source Monitoring Error

Question 74

the attempt to identify whether an event really occurred or whether the event was imagined.

Answer 74

Reality Monitoring

Question 75

Memory for the circumstances in which one first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event they can usually be explained by rehearsal frequency, distinctiveness and elaboration.

Answer 75

Flash bulb memory

Question 76

Both flashbulb memories and ordinary memories grow____ accurate with the passage of time.

Answer 76

less

Question 77

what errors can lead to faulty eye witness testimony

Answer 77

own ethnicity bias, source monitoring errors, and memory schemas.

Question 78

in eyewitness testimony when people first view an event and then are given misleading information about the event. later on they mistakenly recall the misleading information rather than the event they actually saw.

Answer 78

Post event misinformation effect

Question 79

Difficulty learning or recalling new material because some previously learned material continues to interfere with the information of new memories

Answer 79

Proactive Interference

Question 80

In memory people often experience difficulty in learning or recalling old material because some recently learned material interferes with these old memories.

Answer 80

Retroactive Interference

Question 81

In long term memory the proposal that people construct knowledge by integrating the information they know. as a result their understanding of an event or a topic is coherent and it makes sense.

Answer 81

Constructive Approach

Question 82

The proposal that some individuals who experienced sexual abused during childhood managed to forget that memory for many years. at a later time this presumably forgotten memory may come flooding back into consciousness.

Answer 82

Recovered Memory Perspective

Question 83

The proposal that most recovered memories are actually incorrect memories, in other words these recovered memories are constructed stories about events that never occurred.

Answer 83

False Memory Perspective

Question 84

An explanation of recovered memory that emphasizes the adaptive nature of memory actively inhibiting memories of abuse may be necessary in order to maintain an attachment to a parent or care taker.

Answer 84

Betrayal Trauma