Chapter 10 Flashcards
people make an error less than ___ every 500 sentences
one
Errors during speaking in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words. Are informative because they reveal people’s extensive knowledge about sounds, structure, and meaning of the language that they are speaking.
Slips of the tongue
What are the three kinds of slips of the tongue
- Sound Errors
- Morpheme Errors
- Word Errors,
_____ Occur when sounds in nearby words are exchanged example (Snow Flurries) (Flow Snurries)
Sound Error
____ Occur when (the smallest meaningful unit in language such as ly or in) are exchanged in nearby words for example (Self-Destructive Instructions) (Self instruct Destruction
Morpheme Errors
___ Occur when words are exchanged for example (writing a letter to my mother) (Writing a mother to my letter)
Word Errors
we are more likely to make a word rather than a nonword when we make a
Slip of the tongue error
Communication using visible movements of any part of the body.
Gestures
When our verbal systems cannot retrieve a word ___can sometimes activate the relevant information.
Gestures
We frequently use___ when we speak to discuss a concept that is easier to describe with body movements than with words. We are also more likely to use them when we had previous experience with the relevant physical activity
Gestures
The proposal that people often use their own bodies and motor actions in order to express their abstract thoughts and knowledge
Embodied Cognition
____ Increases the listeners understanding especially when the speaker is describing concrete actions
Gestures
Producing speech is ____ ___ Processing
top down
The overall meaning of a message
Gist
In language production the difficulty of arranging words in an ordered, linear sequence.
Linearization Problems
In language the “melody” of an utterance its intonation, rhythm, and empahsis.
Prosody
In speech production you must plan the ____ it helps clarify an ambigiuous message.
Prosody
A type of discourse
Narrative
In language a category of discourse in which someone describes a series of actual or fictional events. they are conveyed in time related sequences and often emotionally involving.
Narrative
Focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people
Pragmatics
what are two important topics in pragmatics
Common Ground, directives
examines why we sometimes have trouble communicating with people who have different perspectives.
Framing
A situation where the people in a conversation share similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives. These elements of ___ __ are necessary for mutual understanding.
Common Ground
How was your weekend?-Adam
It was like being at conshohocken- lisa
Adam will understand because he shares a similar understanding of the characteristics or events there. this is an example of
Common Ground
A sentence that asks someone to do something
Directives
In language resolving an interpersonal situation or problem by using a very obvious statement or question. A man avoiding a speeding ticket might say (how much can i pay you to not get a ticket?)
Direct Request
In language using subtle suggestions to resolve an interpersonal problem, rather than stating the request in a straightforward manner. (well officer maybe it would be easier if we can take care of the ticket right now, without going through all the paperwork”)
Indirect Request
In linguistics mental structure that simplify reality. ___ tend to structure what “counts” as facts. used in discussing how language can structure peoples thinking
Frame
Responsibility some people may think of it as in individual resposability others in terms of social responsability is an example of
framing
In what kind of setting are you more likely to write in?
Isolation
you are more likely to refer to yourself , you are more interacted with your listeners and have a better opportunity to establish common ground with them while
speaking
Writing consist of?
- Planning
- Sentence generating
- Revising
* these may overlap just like spoken language
stores a limited number of sounds for a short period of time it processes language and other sounds a person hears
Phonological loop
___ is a component of working memory which is an important factor when we write
Phonological loop
Processes both visual and spatial information
Visual Spatial Sketchpad
visual information is relevant when you are trying to define a concrete word, because you are likely to create a mental image. In contrast visaul activity is minimal when you are defining an abstract word Importance in ___ in visual spatial Sketchpad
Visual
writing does not require us to emphasis location. ___ is not important in Visual Spatial Sketchpad
Spatial
Integrates information from the visual spatial sketchpad and phonological loop and the episodic buffer.
Central Executive
____ is active in every phase of writing because it plays a role in attention, planing and coordinating.
Central Executive
What are the components in working memory
Visual Spatial Sketchpad, Phonological Loop and Central Executive
Coordinates the planing phase, and essential in generating sentences and overseas the revision process
Central Executive
The influence of______ include the writers semantic memory, specific expertise about the topic, general schemas, and knowledge about the writing style to be used.
Long term mermoy
Begining a formal writing project by generating a list of ideas. ____ is difficult and strategic much different from many relatively automatic language tasks.
Prewriting
___ writers spend high-quality time in planing during prewriting.
Good
Help you avoid oveloaded attention, it may help resolve linearization problem
Outlines
____ occurs during writting and speaking
Latirization problems
is the extent or strength of one’s belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals, your own assessment of your capabilities
Self efficacy
People judge writers to be more intelligent in their essay uses ____ words despite students believing they sound smarter if they use ___ words
Shorter, Longer
People make errors when they write however writing errors are usually confined to only ____ errors within single words
Spelling
students ___ in writing and reading are not accurate
metacognition
Someone who is fluent in two different languages
Bilingual Speakers
Someone who uses more than two languages, psycholinguistics often use the bilingual to refer to these people.
Multilingual Speaker
In Linguistics a term referring to people who learned two languages at the same time during childhood.
Simultaneous Bilingualism
In linguistics a term referring to people who speak two or more languages but did not learn them at the same time. their native language is referred to as their first language and the non native that they acquire is their second language
Sequential Bilingualism
In Linguistics the initial language that a person learned this term is typically applied to someone who later learned a different language.
First Language
In linguistics the second language that a person learned this term is typically applied to someone who first learned a different language.
Second Language
More than ___ of the people in the word are bilinguals
half
What are the three most common languages spoken in the united states in order
English, Spanish , Chinese
what important predictors indicate success in acquiring a second language?
Peoples motivation and her or his attitude toward the people who speak that language.
A research tool based on the principle that people can mentally pair two related words together much more easily than they can pair two unrelated words. The___ is useful in assessing sterotypes.
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Knowledge about the form and structure of language as opposed to knowledge about language comprehension. In most task of _____, ____ perform better
Metalinguistics, bilinguals
the age at which a person begins to learn a second language.
Age of Acquisition
The proposal that the ability to acquire a new language is strictly limited to a specific age. ___ ___ states that people who have reach this period perhaps early puberty will no longer be able to acquire a new language with native like fluency. In general the research does not support this hypothesis.
Critical Period Hyothesis
Language proficiency in term of vocabulary
age of acquisition is not related to language skill
Language Proficiency in terms of Phonology
age of acquisition is related
The sounds of a persons speech people who acquire a second language during childhood are more likely to pronounce the words like native speakers than those who acquire it during adulthood
Phonology
the processes of converting a text written in one language into a second written language.
Translation
The processes of converting a spoken message in one language into a second spoken language.
Interpreting
___ is the most challanging linguistic task that humans can perform
Interpreting
____ perform better in working memory skills than billinguals and foreign language teachers.
simultaneous interpreters
