Chapter 12 Flashcards
Going beyond the information given to reach a goal such as a solution, a decision or belief.
Thinking
The type of reasoning that begins with some specific premise which are assumed to be true. Next you judge whether those premises allow a particular conclusion to be drawn based on the principle of logic.
Deductive Reasoning
Assessing information and choosing among two or more alternatives Compared to deductive reasoning ____ is much more ambiguous.
Decision Making
In reasoning and decision making the approach that distinguishes between two types of cognitive processing. Type 1 (fast processing and automatic requires little conscious attention) Type 2 (relatively slow and controlled, requiring focused attention and it is typically more accurate.
Dual Process Theory
According to dual processing theory in reasoning and decision making, ____ processing is relatively fast and automatic. It also requires little conscious attention
Type 1 Processing
According to dual processing theory in reasoning and decision making, _____ processing is relatively slow and controlled. It also requires focused attention, and performance is typically more accurate.
Type 2 Processing
A deductive reasoning task that describes the relationship between conditions. ___ tasks are often presented in an If …then format (also called propositional reasoning task)
Conditional Reasoning Task
A common deductive reasoning task that consist of two statements that one must assume to be true, plus a conclusion. They refer to quantities so they use the words all, none, some and other similar terms.
Syllogism
In deductive reasoning a system for categorizing the four kinds of reasoning used in analyzing statements that are made up of antecendents and consequents.
Propositional Calculus
___ are the statements that are made up of antecendents and consequents.
Propositions
In conditional reasoning tasks the first proposition or statement, ____ is contained in the If part of the sentence.
Antecedents
In conditional Reasoning tasks the proposition that comes second. The ___ is contained in the “then” part of the sentence
Consequent
In conditional reasoning tasks the fallacy (or error) of claiming that the “then” part of the sentence is true. this kind or reason leads to an invalid conclusion
Affirming the Consequent
In conditional reasoning tasks claiming that the then part of the sentence is false . this kind of reasoning lead to a correct conclusion
denying the consequent
A general rule or problem solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution.
Heuristic
When people make reasoning judgments based on prior beliefs and general knowledge rather than on the rules of logic. In general people make errors when the logic of reasoning problem conflicts with their background knowledge.
Belief Bias Effect
The tendency to try to confirm or support a hypothesis rather than trying to disprove it .
Confirmation Bias
We use ___ during depth perception, recognition of facial expressions, and automatic stereotyping
Type 1
We use ____ when we think of exceptions to a general rule, when we realize that we made a stereotyped response and when we acknowledge that our ____ response may be wrong.
Type 2/Type 1
The dual processing theory consist of
Type 1 and type 2
what are two types of deductive Reasoning?
Conditional reasoning tasks and syllogism
Use the words all none or some
Syllogism
In conditional reasoning tasks, claiming that the if … part of the statement is true. This kind of reasoning leads to a correct conclusion
Affirming the Antecendent
In conditional reasoning tasks claiming that the the fallacy (or error) of caliming that the if part of the sentense is false. This kind of reasoning lead to invalid conclusion
Denying the antecendent
cognitive errors can be traced back to a
heuristic
The belief bias effect is an example of what kind of processing
top down
people who score low on intelligence test and low flexible thinking test are likely to demonstrate the ____ ___ __
belief bias effect
