Chapter 1

Question 1

A new discipline that uses neuroscience techniques to explore the kind of cognitive processes used in interactions with other people

Answer 1

Social Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 2

Overall quality that transcends the individual elements.

Answer 2

Gestalt

Question 3

A precise definition that specifies exactly how a concept is to be measured (emphasized by behaviorists.

Answer 3

Operational Definition

Question 4

Refers to the destruction of an area in the brain most often by strokes, tumors, blows to the head and accidents

Answer 4

Brain Lesions

Question 5

The thought that Psychology must focus on objective, observable reactions to stimuli in the environment rather than introspection

Answer 5

Behaviorism

Question 6

A storage system that records information of the senses with reasonable accuracy. Information is stored here for 2 seconds or less and then most is forgotten.

Answer 6

Sensory Memory

Question 7

Refers to the observation that our recall is especially accurate for the final items in a series of stimuli

Answer 7

Recency Effect

Question 8

Emphasis that we humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. unity and organization. Emphasized the importance of insight in problem solving

Answer 8

Gestalt Psychology

Question 9

• Founded Psychology

- believed that mental processes should be studied using a technique called introspection

Answer 9

Wilhem Wundt

Question 10

Combines the research techniques of psychology with various methods for asserting the structure and function of the brain Methods of study (PET, FMRI, ERP)

Answer 10

Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 11

Scientific evidence obtained by careful observation and experimentation

Answer 11

Empirical Evidence

Question 12

if the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting where results are applied.

Answer 12

Ecological Validity

Question 13

Proposed that memory involves a sequence of separate steps, in each step information is transferred from one storage area to another

Answer 13

Atkinson Shifrin Model

Question 14

Meant that carefully trained observers would systematically analyze their own sensations and report them as objectively as possible under standardized conditions

Answer 14

Introspection

Question 15

Is a branch of computer science which seeks to explore human cognitive process by creating computer models that show intelligent behavior and also accomplish the same tasks as humans

Answer 15

(AI) Artificial Intelligence

Question 16

A way of describing cognition as a complex, multipurpose machine that processes information quickly and accurately

Answer 16

Computer Metaphor

Question 17

1) a synonym for cognition
2) refers to a theoretical approach to psychology that focuses on studying peoples thought process and knowledge (cognitive approach)

Answer 17

Cognitive Psychology

Question 18

Mental activity including the acquisition, storage, transformation and use of knowledge

Answer 18

Cognition

Question 19

Holds only a small amount of information you are actively using these memories. they are lost within 30 seconds unless they are repeated

Answer 19

Short term memory

Question 20

has an enormous capacity because it contains memories that are decades old in addition to memories of events that occurred several minutes ago this memory is relatively permanent.

Answer 20

Long term memory

Question 21

An approach that designs a computer program to accomplish a cognitive task as efficiently as possible even if the computer processes are completely different from the processes used in humans

Answer 21

Pure Artificial Intelligence (Pure AI)

Question 22

Programing a computer to perform specific cognitive task in the same way that humans actually perform this task. Must produce the saem number of errors as well as correct responses that humans produce

Answer 22

Computer Simulation

Question 23

A theory describing cognitive processing in terms of networks that link together neuron like units these networks perform operations in parallel rather than on step at a time. (uses the brain as a model)

Answer 23

Connectionst Approach (Parallel Distribution Processing) Neural Network Approach

Question 24

A theoretical orientation that emphasizes peoples thought process and their knowledge

Answer 24

Cognitive Approach

Question 25

Our mental processes are similar to that of a computer, information processes through our cognitive system in a series of stages on stage at a time

Answer 25

Information Processing Approach

Question 26

American psychologist. central figure to cognitive psychology published a book called principles of psychology he forshadowed many topics of cognitive psych such as attention memory understanding reasoning

Answer 26

William James

Question 27

Prominent Behaviorist they did not contribute to cognitive psych but contributed to research methods.

Answer 27

John B. Watson

Question 28

what was the cognitive revolution influenced by?

Answer 28

• Information tech
• Artificial Intelligence
• Linguistics

Question 29

Researchers measured blood flow in the brain by injecting the participant with a low dose of radioactive chemical just before the person works on a task.

Answer 29

PET Scan

Question 30

Does not use radio active material, a method to measure activity based on principles that oxygen rich blood is an index of brain activity. A magnetic field produces changes in the oxygen atoms in the brain while a person performs a cognitive task

Answer 30

FMRI

Question 31

Records the brief changes in the brains electrical activity in response to stimuli

Answer 31

ERP (Event related potential)

Question 32

Cognitive Psychology is part of this field it is an interdisciplinary field that tries to answer questions about the mind.

Answer 32

Cognitive Science