Chapter 13 Flashcards
The view that developmental changes continue beyond adulthood, period continues to change and adapt throughout their entire lives.
life span approach to development
A method for investigating cognition in infants using a mobile hanging over a young infants crib. A ribbon connects the infants ankle and the mobile so that the infants kicks will make the the mobile move. Researchers can test an infants memory by determining the amount of time that can elapse between the original learning and the infants recall of the kicking response
Conjugate Reinforcement Technique
When learning new material the situation in which the learner distributes her or his practices over time, this learning is more effective then____
Spaced Learning, massed learning
When learning new material the situation in which the learner practices the material all at the same time by cramming this learning strategy is called cramming it is less effective then ___
Mass Learning/ Spaced learning
Memory for experiences and information related to oneself._____memory usually includes a verbal narrative. Research in this area typically examines recall for events that happen outside of the laboratory.
Autobiographical Memory
A simple well structures sequence of events in a specific order. ___ are usually associated with a highly familiar activity.
Script
The process of trying to identify the origin of a particular memory.
Source Monitoring
Intentional goal oriented mental activities that a person performs in order to improve encoding and retrieval of information in memory.
Memory strategies
The problem of not using memory strategies effectively common in young children.
Utilization Deficiency
Remembering that one needs to do something in the future such as buying an item on the way home from class.
Prospective Memory
A memory task in which participants are instructed to remember some information later a recall or recognition test requires them to intentionally retrieve that previous learned information.
Explicit Memory Task
An indirect measure of memory. Participants see the material (usually a series of words or pictures) Later during the test phase they are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask for either recall or recognition previous experience with the material facilitates performance on this task.
Implicit Memory Task
A memory unit that consist of several components which are strongly associated with one another.
Chunk
A reduced slow of responding on cognitive tasks, often observed in elderly individuals.
Cognitive Slowing
That wasnt as much fun as i thought it was gonna be is an example of because she made sense of her experience.
metacogntion
looking time, own, race bias are examples of
Attention Patterns
In operant conditioning terms the response is _____ and the reinforcement is the _____
a foot kicking, the movement of the mobile.
Conjugate reinforcement test are especially appealing to infants between the months of _____
2-6 months
what are two research techniquest that demonstrate infants memory skills
Recognizing mother, conjugate reinforecenement technique\
Memory is often measured in terms of ____ or the number of items that can be correctly recalled in order, immediately after presentation.
Memory Spam
___ Improves dramatically during childhood
Memory Spam
Children with high scores in ____ working memory are likely to excel in reading, writing and listening
Phonological
Children with high scores in ____ working memory are likely to excel in mathematics
Visualspatial
Children with reading disabilities or ADHD are likely to have problems with ___
Working Memory
Children have excellent ____ but poor ____
Recognition, recall
children have poor
recall, source monitoring, memory strategies.
memory strategies that can improve recall
rehearsal, organizational strategies, imagery
categorizing and grouping is an example of
Organizational Strategies
what memory strategy do we develop last
Imagery
Elderly perform ___ on semantic memory tasks and easy,
automatic tasks
Well
with respect to long term memory in adulthood age differences are relatively large in ____ memory tasks
Prospective
with repsect to long term memory in adulthood age differences are relatviely low in_____ memory tasks
implicit memory, explicit memory, recognition
age differences in recall can be attributed to ___ and___
the elderlies verbal ability and education status and time of of day (morning better recall)
A specific kind of metacognition which refers to your ideas about how your own mind works as well as how other peoples mind works.
Theory of mind
knowledge and control of cognitive processes___ helps to supervise the way one selects and uses memory strategies.
metacognition
A kind of metacognition that refers to ones knowledge monitioring and control of memory
metamemory
A disorder that includes memory problems and other cognitive deficits. Individuals with ___ have difficulty estimating their memory abilities.
dementia
A persons belief in his or her own potential to perform well on memory task.
memory self efficacy
your thoughts about thinking is an example of
metacognition
your understanding that people have different believes than your own is an example of
theory of mind
your thoughts about your comprehension such as understanding written material or spoken language
matacomprehension
understanding how memory works is an example of
metamemory
The basic unit of spoken language such as the sounds a, k, and th the english language has about 40
phonemes
Sounds involving vowels such as oo that infants begin to make by about 2 months
cooing
A vocalization that uses both consonants and vowels often repeating sounds in a series such as dadadada infants develop these vocalizations by about 6 months.
babbling
The kind of language spoken to children. ___ speech typically includes characteristics such as repetition, short sentences, simple vocabulary, basic syntax, exagerrated change in pitch, and exaggerated facial expression.
child directed speech
A term that linguist previously used for (child direct speaking)
motherese
In language learning using context to make a reasonable guess about a words meaning after just one or two exposures.
fast mapping
In childrens language, the use of a word to refer to other object, in addition to objects that adults would consider appropriate.
overextension
The basic unit of meanginglanguage. For example the word in the word reactiveated (re, active, ate, ed)
morpheme
The study of morphemes ___ examines how words are created by combining morphemes
morphology
In language learning the tendency to add the most customary grammatical morphemes to create new forms of irregular words.
overregulization
In childrens language learning the proposal that children learn a general rule for past-tense verbs which specifies that they must add-ed however they also store in memory the past tenses for many irregular verbs.
rule and memory theory
In language the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people
pragmatics
the word infant originally ment
not capable of speech
children typically produce their first word when they are about _ year of age
1
people, obejects and their own activities
refers to childs first words
language system keeps tally of morpheme patterns; patterns of excitation within neural networks account for
overregularization
parallel distributed processing explanation
