Chapter 3

Question 1

A concentration of mental activity that allows you to take in a limited portion of the vast stream of information available from both your sensory world and your memory

Answer 1

Attention

Question 2

Concentrate our mental activity because of an interesting stimulus in the environment has captured our attention is an example of

Answer 2

Bottom Up Processing

Question 3

An object in your peripheral vision might suddenly move and you turn your head to see it more clearly is an example of

Answer 3

Bottom Up Processing

Question 4

Concentrate our mental activity because we want to pay attention to some specific stimulus

Answer 4

Top Down Processing

Question 5

You searching for a particular friend in the cafeteria

Answer 5

Top down Processing

Question 6

You try to pay attention to two or more simultaneous task. (you cannot attend to two things accurately simultaneously)

Answer 6

Divided Attention

Question 7

Responding selectively to one kind of information while ignoring the other. (trying to focus your attention)

Answer 7

Selective attention

Question 8

You try to pay attention to two or more simultaneous messages and respond appropriately to both (in many cases your speed and accuracy suffer)

Answer 8

Divided attention Task

Question 9

Trying to accomplish two or more tasks at the same time. (doing this people strain the limit of attention, the limits of working memory and long term memory)

Answer 9

Multi task

Question 10

What are the four kinds of Selective attention tasks

Answer 10

Dichotic Listening
The Stroop Effect
Visual Search
Sarccadic Eye Movement

Question 11

A laboratory technique in which one message is presented to the left ear and a different message is presented to the right ear. (used to investigate Selective attention)

Answer 11

Dichotic Listening

Question 12

In attention research focusing on dichotic listening and they are instructed to listen to only one message and then repeat it after the speaker.

Answer 12

Shadow

Question 13

The phenomenon of noticing one’s own name when it is mentioned in a neaby conversation even when paying close attention to another conversation. ( People with low working memory tend to pay attention to their name more than those with high working memory it is assumed that those with low working memory have a difficulty blocking out irrelevant info.

Answer 13

Cocktail Party Effect

Question 14

People take a long time to name the ink color when the color is used in printing an incongruent word(the word blue in red ink ) in contrast they can quickly name the same ink color when it appears as a solid patch of color (a red circle)

Answer 14

Stroop Effect

Question 15

task activates two pathways at the same time. One pathway is activated by the task of naming the ink color and the other pathway by reading the word. Interference occurs when two competing pathways are active at the same time.

Answer 15

Explains Stroop Effect

Question 16

People are instructed to name the ink color of words that could have strong emotional significance to them (ex. people with phobias naming the colors of worlds like crawl and hairy) they require more time to name the color because of emotional destress of reading the word

Answer 16

Emotional Stroop Task

Question 17

describes a situation in which people pay more attention to some stimuli or some feature (pay less attention to the ink color than the word)

Answer 17

Attention Bias

Question 18

The observer must find a target in a visual display that has numerous distractions.

Answer 18

Visual Search

Question 19

People can typically locate an isolated feature more quickly than a combined feature.

Answer 19

Isolated Feature Effect/Combined Feature

Question 20

People can typically locate a feature that is present more quickly than a feature that is absent.

Answer 20

Feature Present/Feature Absent

Question 21

The purpose of ____ during reading is to bring the center of your retina into position over the words you want to read.

Answer 21

Saccadic Eye Movement

Question 22

this small region in the center of the retina known as The ___ has better acuity than other retinal regions.

Answer 22

Fovea

Question 23

During each___ your visual system pauses briefly in order to acquire information that is useful for reading. (occurs between two saccadic movements.

Answer 23

Fixation

Question 24

Refers to the number of letters and spaces that we perceive during a fixation.

Answer 24

Perceptual Span

Question 25

moving the eyes backwards to earlier material in the sentence. People often do this when they realize that they have not understood the passage they are reading. (good readers make larger jumps and are less likely to regress.

Answer 25

Regression

Question 26

Congitive system Generally responsible for the kind of attention required for visual search in which you must shift your attention around to various spatial locations located on the Parietal lobe. (choosing things in the environment and choosing where you are)

Answer 26

Orientation Attention Network

Question 27

Looking for a contact lens that fell on the sink is an example of what attention network?

Answer 27

Orientation Attention Network

Question 28

when a person ignores part of his or her visual field. (usually occurs after a lesion on the brain) if they have damage to the right parietal lobe they have problems noticing visual stimulus that appears on the left

Answer 28

Unilateral Spacial Neglect

Question 29

A women with a lesion in the ____ parietal region may have trouble noticing the food on the right side of her plate is an example of what? what what side of the parietal lobe?

Answer 29

right/ unilateral spacial neglect

Question 30

what attention network develops in the early years in life around 4 months?

Answer 30

Orientation Attention Network

Question 31

a cognitive system that is responsible for the kind of attention on uses when a task focuses on conflicting information (ex. stroop effect) it is located on your prefrontal cortex (what am i looking at, what do i have to pay attention to helps learn new ideas)

Answer 31

Executive Attention Network

Question 32

what attention network is primarily active during top down processing

Answer 32

Executive Attention Network

Question 33

what attention network develops much later in life around the age of 3

Answer 33

Executive Attention Network

Question 34

early theories about attention, the proposal that a narrow passageway in human information processing limits the quantity of information to which on can pay attention to.
information passes or it’s lost, attention as may separable processes, information lost at just one phase of attention process (if one message is passing the other message must be left behind)

Answer 34

Bottle Neck Theory

Question 35

what are the problems with bottle neck theory?

Answer 35

• inflexible

- information is lost throughout many phases of attention from the beginning through later processing.

Question 36

This theory of attention developed by anne treisman proposes two elements 1) distributed attention processing all parts of the scene at the same time and 2) focused attention processing each item in the scene one at a time.

Answer 36

Feature-Integrated Theory

Question 37

Allows you to register features automatically; you use parallel processing across the field and you register all the features simultaneously (quick and effortless)

Answer 37

Distributed Attention

Question 38

requires slow serial processing and processing each feature on object at a time. this is more demanding and needed when objects are more complex.

Answer 38

Focused Attention

Question 39

Is an inappropriate combination of features perhaps combining one objects shape with a nearby object. when you see it they may overlap. (red circle and a green square) you might see it as green circle.

Answer 39

Illusory Conjunction

Question 40

A characteristic of the visual system in which characteristics such as color and shape can be registered separately as a result the visual system may not represent these important features of an object as a unified whole

Answer 40

Binding Problem

Question 41

what kind of attention allows binding processes to operate?

Answer 41

focused attention

Question 42

what has been modified in the feauture integration theory of attention

Answer 42

-rather than two clear cut categories (distributed and focused attention) now we see it as a continnium sometimes distributed attention resemble focused attention

Question 43

what attention helps you gather the information of a scene?

Answer 43

Distributed Attention

Question 44

A person’s awareness of the external world and of her or his own perception, mages thoughts, memories and feelings.

Answer 44

Consciousness

Question 45

What is generally associated with focused attention?

Answer 45

Consciousness

Question 46

what are the 3 interest concerning consciousness?

Answer 46

How thoughts come in(inability to let sertain thoughts into consciousness)
how thoughts leave (our inabillity to let certain thoughts escape)
blindsight (vision withough awareness)

Question 47

During_____ your eyes may move forward but you do not process the meaning of the material

Answer 47

Mindless Reading

Question 48

occurs when your thoughts shift from the external environment in favor for internal processing.

Answer 48

Mind Wondering

Question 49

Where is consciousness located?

Answer 49

Everywhere

Question 50

try to eliminate the thoughts, ideas and images that are related to an undesirable stimulus.

Answer 50

Thought suppression

Question 51

describes how our efforts can backfire when we attempt to control the content of our consciousness

Answer 51

Ironic effect of mental control

Question 52

an unusual kind of vision without awareness. People with a damaged visual cortex claim not to see an object however he or she can accurately report some characteristics of an object such as its location.

Answer 52

Blindsight