Chapter 4

Question 1

The brief immediate memory for the limited amount of material that a person is currently processing. Part of ___ memory also actively coordinates on going mental activity in current research this term is more popular than a similar but older term short term memory

Answer 1

Working Memory

Question 2

The part of memory that holds only a small amount of information that a person is actively using the more current term is working memory.

Answer 2

Short Term Memory

Question 3

The large capacity memory for experiences and information accumulated throughout ones lifetime. Information stored in ___ memory is relatively permanent and not likely to be lost.

Answer 3

Long Term Memory

Question 4

Theory proposed by George Miller that we can only hold a limited number of items in short term memory. people can remember 7 items give or take two. we usually remember between 5 or 9 items.

Answer 4

Magic number 7 +-2

Question 5

A memory unit that consist of several components that are strongly associated to one another. Used to describe the basic unit of short term memory.
Ex Phone number, social security,

Answer 5

Chunk

Question 6

Researchers present several items to a participant who is instructed to remember these items. Next the participant performs a distracting task and then attempts to recall the original items.

Answer 6

Brow/Peterson & Peterson technique

Question 7

Means repeating the items silently

Answer 7

Rehearsal

Question 8

The U shaped relationship between a word’s position in a list and its probability of recall. Recall is especially accurate for the initial words and the final words in a list and recall is least accurate for the words in the middle of the list. (measures the capacity of short term memory)

Answer 8

Serial Position Effect

Question 9

A tendency for items in the end of a list to be recalled better then items in the middle of a list.

Answer 9

Recency Effect

Question 10

A tendency for items at the beginning of a list to be recalled better than items in the middle of a list, at least partly because people rehearse these early items more frequently

Answer 10

Primacy Effect

Question 11

The area of psycholiguistics that examines the meanings of words and sentences.

Answer 11

Semantics

Question 12

difficulty learning or recalling new material because some previously learned material continues to interfere with the formation of new memories.

Answer 12

Proactive Interference

Question 13

A memory phenomenon in which proactive interference is reduced when a person switches from one category of stimuli to a new category (for example a person may initially see the names of occupations but then he or she sees the names of fruits) this release from proactive interference leads to an increase recall for the new category.

Answer 13

Release from Proactive Interference

Question 14

Short term memory was a distinctly different separated from long term memory. Items in short term memory are fragile and they could be lost within about 30 seconds unless they were rehearsed. The model focused on the role of short term memory on learning and memory. did not explore how it plays a role in cognitive tasks.

Answer 14

Atkinson and Shiffrin Model

Question 15

Intentional strategies such as rehearsal that people may use to improve their memory.

Answer 15

Control Processes

Question 16

Braddeley’s Model of immediate memory which proposed a system with several components that temporarily hold and manipulate information while cognitive tasks are performed. ___ memory doesn’t simply store information it actively works with the information.

Answer 16

Working Memory Approach

Question 17

____ holds both new material and old material that you have retrieved from storage(long term memory)

Answer 17

working Memory

Question 18

What are the components of the working memory approach

Answer 18

• Central Executive
• Visual Spatial Sketchpad
• Episodic Buffer
• Phonological Loop
• Long Term Memory

Question 19

The part of working memory that processes a limited number of sounds for a short term period of time. The phonological loop processes language and other sounds that a person hears, as well as the sound that they make. it is also active when he or she silently sounds out a word during reading. (has its limits)

Answer 19

Phonological Loop

Question 20

Silently pronouncing words during reading.

Answer 20

subvocalization

Question 21

In memory research, the observation that people are likely to confuse similar sounding stimuli

Answer 21

Acoustic Confusion

Question 22

The component of working memory that processes both visual and spatial information. Allows you to look at a complex scene and gather visual information about objects and landmarks and navigate from one location to another. has its limits)

Answer 22

Visual Spatial Sketch Pad

Question 23

Allows you to store a coherent picture of both the visual appearance of the object and their relative position in the scene

Answer 23

Visual Spatial Sketch Pad

Question 24

The component of working memory that integrates information from the phonological loop, the visual spatial sketchpad the episodic buffer and long term memory. The___ also pays a role in attention, planing and coordinating other cognitive activities. (does not actively store any information)

Answer 24

Central Executive

Question 25

What is often a metaphor for an executive supervisor which decides which topics deserve attention and which should be ignored, selects strategies and decides how to tackle a problem and not to continue using ineffective strategies.

Answer 25

Central Executive

Question 26

What is involved when you day dream?

Answer 26

Central Executive

Question 27

In working memory a temporary storehouse that can hold and combine information from visual spatial sketchpad, phonological loop, and long term memory. It actively manipulates information so that you can interpret an earlier experience, solve new problems and plan future activities.

Answer 27

Episodic Buffer

Question 28

performance on _____ tasks is significantly correlated with overall intelligence, verbal fluency, reading comprehension, math ability, writing.

Answer 28

Working Memory

Question 29

worse when you’re young but improves with age

Answer 29

working memory

Question 30

difficulty with central executive tasks specially when they must inhibit a response, plan a project or work on two tasks.

Answer 30

ADHD

Question 31

working memory suffers when you are going thru____ these individuals have difficulty concentrating by unwanted negative thoughts therefore they have no room for other thoughts.

Answer 31

Depression.

Question 32

worrying continuously about the problems that are wrong in ones life.

Answer 32

Ruminative style