Chapter 6 Flashcards
knowledge and control of cognitive processes,____ helps to supervise the way one selects and uses memory strategies.
metacognition
Intentional goal oriented activities that a person performs in order to improve encoding and retrieval of information in memory
memory strategy
the tendency, when studying for a future exam to be over confident about performance on that exam.
foresight bias
The concept that the amount of information you learn depends on the total time devoted to learning. this is generally true although the quality of study strategies used during the time is also important.
total-time hypothesis
Preparing for an exam by trying to recall important concepts from memory. If retrieval is difficult, but successful learning is enhanced and test performance is improved.
Retrieval Practice
the observation that memory is better when the learning trials are spread over time (spaced learning) as compared with trying to learn the material all at once (massed learning) the studies generally support this effect for both recall tasks and recognition tasks.
Distribution- practice effect
A learning situation that is some what challenging, but not too difficult; this situation is helpful for increasing long term recall
desirable difficulties
the observation that the act of taking a test is actually an excellent way to boost long term recall for academic material
testing effect
Mental strategies designed to improve memory
Mnemonics
The mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are not physically present. (especially helpful when the image is bizarre, and the items that must be recalled are shown interacting with each other)
Mental Imagery
A memory technique for learning vocabulary words or people’s names the learner identifies an actual word (the keyword) that sounds similar to the new word the she or he creates an image that links the keyword with the meaning of this new word.
Keyword Method
A mnemonic strategy in which a person applies a systematic order to the material that must be learned.
Organization
A memory strategy in which the learner combines several small units to create larger units
Chunking
A memory strategy in which the learner arranges items in a series of classes from the most general class to the most specific. (outlines)
Hierarchy
what are types of organization mnemonic strategies?
Chunking, hierarchy, first letter technique and narrative technique
A memory strategy in which a person is learning a list of items; he or she composes a word or a sentence from the first letters of each word on the list to be remembered. in laboratory settings has not been proven very effective
first letter technique
In memory making up stories that link a series of words together in order to enhance memory.to be effective the ___ has to be easy and reliable during learning and retrieval.
Narrative Technique
In statistics class the nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scale conveniently spell noir the french word for black. using noir to remember the measures of scale is an example of
Example of first letter technique
what is a good way to predict student grades
study habits, study skills and study attitudes
Remembering information that was acquired in the past easier to remember.
Retrospective Memory
Remembering that one needs to do something in the future such as buying an item on the way home from classes. (harder to remember) (remembering that you need to do something and what that thing is)
Prospective Memory
any device external to ones self which facilitates memory in some way this memory aid is especially helpful on prospective memory, only successful if they remind you of what you are supposed to remember, and you can use them easily
External Memory Aid
when you want to take your book to class and you place it next to your car keys so you wont forget to take it is a type of what
external memory aid
if you use distinctive encoding and effective retrieval memory is more accurate, better when you have a short delay prior to retrieval, show similar rate of forgetfulness with the passage of time are similarities of
Prospective memory and retrospective memory
what is the most common type of prospective memory error
missing attachment mistake
divided attention, when you have to disrupt a customary activity, in highly familiar surroundings where you perform task automatically, if you are preoccupied or distracted or feeling time pressure are reasons why ____ occur
Prospective memory failures
associate the items to be learned with a series of visual images of physical locations. (useful for learning list of items in a specific order) grocery items based on house location (bedroom/bed sheets)
Method of Loci
imagery, distinctiveness, overconfidence, external memory aid, and placement of external memory aid are methods to improve what?
prospective memory
Suggest that in order to improve memory comprehensive steps must be taken such as getting a good sleep, optimal daily activity, healthy keeping. (physical condition, psychological well being, repetuare of several memory improvement techniques.
Multimodal Approach proposed by Hermann
suggests that in order to improve memory comprehensively one needs to
get sensitive to new things and an appreciation
for new ways of approaching a problem
Mindfulness proposed by Langer
______is knowledge, awareness and control
of cognitive processes
Metacognition
Knowledge of contents of memory. Awareness of when you are using memory.Control of factors in utilizing contents of memory is
Metacognition
A kind of metacognition that refers to ones knowledge, monitoring and control of memory. Useful if you want to improve your memory
Metamemory
you are more likely to predict your score accurately in a ____ over an essay question
mulitiple choice
When people make estimates of their metamemory
for the total scores on a test many tend to be
______ about the scores than being accurate
overconfident
thoughts about language comprehension, Useful for noticing if a paragraph has inaccuracies or is
inconsistent. research focuses on reading comprehension more than spoken comprehension
Metacomprehension
Peoples memory can be highly accurate when they predict which ____ ___ they will remember and which they will forget
individual items
Peoples tend to be overconfident when they estimate __ ___ of correct items
total number
when student predict their scores directly after seeing the material they will predict ___ while if they predict their scores after some time has past they will predict
wrong, right.
you are more likely to predict accuracy after a ___
delay
when students have time to master a relatively easily task they allocate the most of their time to items_____ instead of ___ items
difficult, easy
when students have a challenging task with time pressure they allocate most of their time to_____ items instead of____ items
easy, difficult
describes your subjective experience of knowing the target word for which you are searching yet you cannot recall it right now. (involuntary effect) associated with the right prefrontal
tip of the tongue effect
describes the subjective experience of knowing some information but you cannot recall it right now. (more of a conscious effect) associated with the left prefrontal
feeling of knowing effect
tip of the tongue and feeling of knowing are both related to
metacognition
for the deaf community it refers to the subjective experiences of knowing the target sign but that sign is temporarily unavailable.
tip of the finger effect
people use their bodies and motor actions in order to express their abstract thoughts and knowledge. (jiggling the feet, holding your head with your hands)
embodied cognition
when you remember partial things for example reading a story, what the story was about, the authors appearance, ethnicity but you cant remember the authors name. the feeling that if you see the name you will recognize it is an example of
feeling of knowing effect
how to improve metacomprehension
pretests with feedback,read and summarize
reading strategies make connections, use imagery,
outline and summarize in your own words
A person learns about his or her own style of learning is an example of .
metacognition
A person becomes aware of his or her own biases in judging others is an example of
metacognition
thinking about how you can remember facts better is an example of
metamemory
thinking about how the brain works is an example of
metacognition
when you identify that you do not understand a sentence you are using
metacomprehension
