Chapter 6

Question 1

knowledge and control of cognitive processes,____ helps to supervise the way one selects and uses memory strategies.

Answer 1

metacognition

Question 2

Intentional goal oriented activities that a person performs in order to improve encoding and retrieval of information in memory

Answer 2

memory strategy

Question 3

the tendency, when studying for a future exam to be over confident about performance on that exam.

Answer 3

foresight bias

Question 4

The concept that the amount of information you learn depends on the total time devoted to learning. this is generally true although the quality of study strategies used during the time is also important.

Answer 4

total-time hypothesis

Question 5

Preparing for an exam by trying to recall important concepts from memory. If retrieval is difficult, but successful learning is enhanced and test performance is improved.

Answer 5

Retrieval Practice

Question 6

the observation that memory is better when the learning trials are spread over time (spaced learning) as compared with trying to learn the material all at once (massed learning) the studies generally support this effect for both recall tasks and recognition tasks.

Answer 6

Distribution- practice effect

Question 7

A learning situation that is some what challenging, but not too difficult; this situation is helpful for increasing long term recall

Answer 7

desirable difficulties

Question 8

the observation that the act of taking a test is actually an excellent way to boost long term recall for academic material

Answer 8

testing effect

Question 9

Mental strategies designed to improve memory

Answer 9

Mnemonics

Question 10

The mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are not physically present. (especially helpful when the image is bizarre, and the items that must be recalled are shown interacting with each other)

Answer 10

Mental Imagery

Question 11

A memory technique for learning vocabulary words or people’s names the learner identifies an actual word (the keyword) that sounds similar to the new word the she or he creates an image that links the keyword with the meaning of this new word.

Answer 11

Keyword Method

Question 12

A mnemonic strategy in which a person applies a systematic order to the material that must be learned.

Answer 12

Organization

Question 13

A memory strategy in which the learner combines several small units to create larger units

Answer 13

Chunking

Question 14

A memory strategy in which the learner arranges items in a series of classes from the most general class to the most specific. (outlines)

Answer 14

Hierarchy

Question 15

what are types of organization mnemonic strategies?

Answer 15

Chunking, hierarchy, first letter technique and narrative technique

Question 16

A memory strategy in which a person is learning a list of items; he or she composes a word or a sentence from the first letters of each word on the list to be remembered. in laboratory settings has not been proven very effective

Answer 16

first letter technique

Question 17

In memory making up stories that link a series of words together in order to enhance memory.to be effective the ___ has to be easy and reliable during learning and retrieval.

Answer 17

Narrative Technique

Question 18

In statistics class the nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scale conveniently spell noir the french word for black. using noir to remember the measures of scale is an example of

Answer 18

Example of first letter technique

Question 19

what is a good way to predict student grades

Answer 19

study habits, study skills and study attitudes

Question 20

Remembering information that was acquired in the past easier to remember.

Answer 20

Retrospective Memory

Question 21

Remembering that one needs to do something in the future such as buying an item on the way home from classes. (harder to remember) (remembering that you need to do something and what that thing is)

Answer 21

Prospective Memory

Question 22

any device external to ones self which facilitates memory in some way this memory aid is especially helpful on prospective memory, only successful if they remind you of what you are supposed to remember, and you can use them easily

Answer 22

External Memory Aid

Question 23

when you want to take your book to class and you place it next to your car keys so you wont forget to take it is a type of what

Answer 23

external memory aid

Question 24

if you use distinctive encoding and effective retrieval memory is more accurate, better when you have a short delay prior to retrieval, show similar rate of forgetfulness with the passage of time are similarities of

Answer 24

Prospective memory and retrospective memory

Question 25

what is the most common type of prospective memory error

Answer 25

missing attachment mistake

Question 26

divided attention, when you have to disrupt a customary activity, in highly familiar surroundings where you perform task automatically, if you are preoccupied or distracted or feeling time pressure are reasons why ____ occur

Answer 26

Prospective memory failures

Question 27

associate the items to be learned with a series of visual images of physical locations. (useful for learning list of items in a specific order) grocery items based on house location (bedroom/bed sheets)

Answer 27

Method of Loci

Question 28

imagery, distinctiveness, overconfidence, external memory aid, and placement of external memory aid are methods to improve what?

Answer 28

prospective memory

Question 29

Suggest that in order to improve memory comprehensive steps must be taken such as getting a good sleep, optimal daily activity, healthy keeping. (physical condition, psychological well being, repetuare of several memory improvement techniques.

Answer 29

Multimodal Approach proposed by Hermann

Question 30

suggests that in order to improve memory comprehensively one needs to
get sensitive to new things and an appreciation
for new ways of approaching a problem

Answer 30

Mindfulness proposed by Langer

Question 31

______is knowledge, awareness and control

of cognitive processes

Answer 31

Metacognition

Question 32

Knowledge of contents of memory. Awareness of when you are using memory.Control of factors in utilizing contents of memory is

Answer 32

Metacognition

Question 33

A kind of metacognition that refers to ones knowledge, monitoring and control of memory. Useful if you want to improve your memory

Answer 33

Metamemory

Question 34

you are more likely to predict your score accurately in a ____ over an essay question

Answer 34

mulitiple choice

Question 35

When people make estimates of their metamemory
for the total scores on a test many tend to be
______ about the scores than being accurate

Answer 35

overconfident

Question 36

thoughts about language comprehension, Useful for noticing if a paragraph has inaccuracies or is
inconsistent. research focuses on reading comprehension more than spoken comprehension

Answer 36

Metacomprehension

Question 37

Peoples memory can be highly accurate when they predict which ____ ___ they will remember and which they will forget

Answer 37

individual items

Question 38

Peoples tend to be overconfident when they estimate __ ___ of correct items

Answer 38

total number

Question 39

when student predict their scores directly after seeing the material they will predict ___ while if they predict their scores after some time has past they will predict

Answer 39

wrong, right.

Question 40

you are more likely to predict accuracy after a ___

Answer 40

delay

Question 41

when students have time to master a relatively easily task they allocate the most of their time to items_____ instead of ___ items

Answer 41

difficult, easy

Question 42

when students have a challenging task with time pressure they allocate most of their time to_____ items instead of____ items

Answer 42

easy, difficult

Question 43

describes your subjective experience of knowing the target word for which you are searching yet you cannot recall it right now. (involuntary effect) associated with the right prefrontal

Answer 43

tip of the tongue effect

Question 44

describes the subjective experience of knowing some information but you cannot recall it right now. (more of a conscious effect) associated with the left prefrontal

Answer 44

feeling of knowing effect

Question 45

tip of the tongue and feeling of knowing are both related to

Answer 45

metacognition

Question 46

for the deaf community it refers to the subjective experiences of knowing the target sign but that sign is temporarily unavailable.

Answer 46

tip of the finger effect

Question 47

people use their bodies and motor actions in order to express their abstract thoughts and knowledge. (jiggling the feet, holding your head with your hands)

Answer 47

embodied cognition

Question 48

when you remember partial things for example reading a story, what the story was about, the authors appearance, ethnicity but you cant remember the authors name. the feeling that if you see the name you will recognize it is an example of

Answer 48

feeling of knowing effect

Question 49

how to improve metacomprehension

Answer 49

pretests with feedback,read and summarize
reading strategies make connections, use imagery,
outline and summarize in your own words

Question 50

A person learns about his or her own style of learning is an example of .

Answer 50

metacognition

Question 51

A person becomes aware of his or her own biases in judging others is an example of

Answer 51

metacognition

Question 52

thinking about how you can remember facts better is an example of

Answer 52

metamemory

Question 53

thinking about how the brain works is an example of

Answer 53

metacognition

Question 54

when you identify that you do not understand a sentence you are using

Answer 54

metacomprehension