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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses. It combines the aspects of the outside world (visual stimuli) and your own inner world (your previous knowledge).

A

Perception

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2
Q

Identify a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli and you perceive that this pattern is separate from its background.

A

Object Recognition (Pattern Recognition)

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3
Q

The actual object that is “out there” in the environment.

Example (Pen on Desk)

A

Distal Stimulus

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4
Q

The information registered on your sensory receptors

Example (the image that your pen makes in the retina)

A

Proximal Stimulus

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5
Q

covers the inside back portion of your eye, it contains millions of neurons that register and transmit visual information from the outside world.

A

Retina

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6
Q

Is a large capacity storage system that record information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy.

A

Sensory Memory

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7
Q

Sensory Memory for visual information. It preserves an image of a visual stimulus for a brief period after the stimulus has disappeared.

A

Iconic Memory (Visual Sensory Memory)

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8
Q

located on the Occipital Lobe of the brain; it is the portion of your cerebral cortex that is concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli. (it is the first place where info. from your two eyes is combined)

A

Primary Visual Cortex

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9
Q

Humans have basic tendencies to organize what they see without any effort we see patterns rather than random arrangements.

A

Gestalt Psychology

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10
Q
  • Has a distinct shape with clearly defined edges.(definite shape)
  • Seems closer to us and more dominant.
A

Figure

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11
Q

-The region that is left over. forming the background.(continues behind the figure)

A

Ground

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12
Q

The figure and the ground reverse from time to time so that the figure becomes the ground and then becomes the figure again.

A

Ambiguous Figure-Ground Relationship

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13
Q

How do you explain figure ground reversal?

A
  • The neurons in the visual cortex become adapted to one figure.
  • People try to solve the visual paradox by alternating between two reasonable solutions.
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14
Q

We see edges even though they are not physically present in the stimulus.

A

Illusory Contour

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15
Q

Your Visual system compares a stimulus with a set of templates or specific patterns that you have stored in memory.

A

Template Matching Theory

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16
Q

Problems with Template Matching Theory

A
  • Inflexible

- Only works for isolated letters and objects.

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17
Q

The proposal that we recognize visual objects based on a small number of characteristics or components known as distinctive features.

A

Feature Analysis Theory

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18
Q

In visual perception an important characteristic of the visual stimulus.

A

Distinct Feature

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19
Q

Recognizing the letter R as a curve, vertical, and diagonal line. Despite the form it is written typed, printed, handwritten.

A

Feature Analysis Theory Example

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20
Q

Problems with feature analysis theory

A
  • Doesn’t account for the relationship between features
  • Doesn’t explain recognition of more complex objects. (letters>natural world) A horse has many distinct features, will the feature be distorted as soon at it is moved or looked at another angel.
  • When other object have similar features they can be easy to confuse (P, R)
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21
Q

Theory that explains how humans recognize three dimensional shapes. People can perceive 3D shapes in terms of an arrangement of simple 3D shapes called geons. Geons can be combined to form meaningful objects

A

Recognition Component Theory

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22
Q

In recognition by component theory the simple 3-D shapes that people use in order to recognize visual objects.

A

Geons

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23
Q

What theory is essentially the feature analysis theory that explains how we recognize how we see 3D objects

A

Recognition Component Theory

24
Q

Problem with Recognition Component Theory

A
  • Standard View-Point vs. different viewpoints

- binding problems

25
Q

A modification of the recognition by component theory of object recognition. It proposes that people store a small number of views of a 3d shape rather than just one view.

A

Viewer Centered Approach

26
Q

Primary visual information first. The kind of cognitive processing that emphasizes stimulus characteristics in object recognition and other cognitive tasks. The physical stimuli from the environment is registered on the sensory receptors. This information is then passed on to higher, more sophisticated levels in the cognitive system.

A

Bottom Up Processing

27
Q

The second process in object recognition. Emphasizes how a person’s concepts, expectations and memory can influence object recognition.

A

Top Down Processing

28
Q

When is top down processing strong?

A
  • When a stimulus is registered for just a fraction of a second.
  • When stimuli is incomplete or ambiguous.
29
Q

We can identify a single letter more accurately and more rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears alone by itself or else in a meaningless string of unrelated letters.

A

Word Superiority Effect

30
Q

Example of top down processing

A

word superiority effect

31
Q

We fail to detect a change in an object or a scene.

A

Change Blindness

32
Q

Paying attention to some events in a scene we may fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appears.

A

Inattentional Blindness

33
Q

Overactive top down processing and smart mistakes cause what?

A

Change and inattentional Blindess.

34
Q

We recognize faces on a ___ basis that in terms of their overall shape and structure. We perceive faces in a different fashion from other objects “special”

A

Holistic

35
Q

We perceive a face in terms of overall quality that transcends its individual elements.

A

gestalt

36
Q

People with ___ cannot recognize human faces visually, though they perceive other objects relatively normally.
- These people see nose, eyes, independently instead of forming a unified complete face.

A

Prosopagnosia

37
Q

people can recognize a face more accurate in upright position compared to upside down.

A

Face inversion Effect

38
Q

A term that refers to the systematic variation in the way that groups of people perform on the same cognitive task.

A

Individual differences

39
Q

people who suffer from ____ did the same as the control group in recognizing faces/expressions although those who suffered from ___ typically take longer to make the decisions.

A

Schizophrenia

40
Q

The process by which auditory system records sound vibrations that are generated by someone talking. The auditory system then translates these vibrations into a sequence of sounds that are perceived as speech.

A

Speech Perception

41
Q

What are the speech perception processes

A
  • Record sound vibrations of someone talking
  • translate into sequence of sounds that you perceive as speech
  • Distinguish the sound pattern of that one word from all irrelevant words
  • separate voice of speaker from background noise, including other conversations.
42
Q

Is the basic unit of spoken language, such as the sounds a, k, and th.

A

Phoneme

43
Q

Listeners can impose boundaries between words,even when these words are not separated by silence is a characteristic of what

A

Characteristic of Speech Perception(word Boundaries)

44
Q

Phoneme pronunciation varies tremendously (pitch, tone, range) lack of precision sloppy pronounciation despite this we are able to understand the speaker’s intended phoneme. factors such as context and visual cues help us achieve this goal. This is a characteristic of

A

Characteristic of Speech Perception(Variability in Pronunciation)

45
Q

One of the causes of phoneme variations. pronunciation of a phoneme varies depending on the phoneme that comes before it and after it. The mouth remains in some what the same shape as when it pronounced the previous phoneme in a word; in addition it is preparing the pronounce the next word.

A

Coarticulation

46
Q

Context allows listeners to fill in some missing sounds is characteristic of

A

Characteristic of Speech Perception (Context and Speech Perception)

47
Q

Filling in a missing phoneme using contextual meaning of cues.

A

Phonemic Restoration

48
Q

being able to reconstruct the missing word on the basis of context cue at the end of the sentence that occured for words later is an example of ____ which is a characteristic of _____

A

Phonemic restoration a characteristic of speech

49
Q

Visual cues from the speakers mouth helps us interpret ambiguous sounds is a characteristic of

A

characteristic of Speech Perception

50
Q

refers to the influence of visual information on speech perception, when individuals must integrate both visual and auditory information.

A

McGurk Effect

51
Q

Humans are born with specialized devices that allow us to decode speech stimuli as a result we process speech more quickly and accurately than other auditory stimuli such as instrumental music.

A

The Special Mechanism of Speech Approach “speech is special”

52
Q

A special purpose neural mechanism that specifically processes all aspects of speech perception; it cannot handle other kinds of auditory perceptions. This is argued by supporters of ____

A

Phonetic Module/Speech Module

The Special Mechanism of Speech approach

53
Q

people report hearing a clear cut phoneme (b or p)despite hearing an ambiguous sound (b and p). between the two phonemes people show _____ for speech sounds but they hear nonspeech sounds as a smooth continuum however new research shows that people exhibit this kind of perception for complex nonspeech sounds

A

Categorical Perception

54
Q

The idea that speech perception can be explained without proposing any specialized phonetic module. In other words humans use the same neural mechanism to process both speech sounds and nonspeech sounds. (currently the most favored approach)

A

General Mechanism Approach

55
Q

argument against the the special mechanism of speech approach

A
  • categorical perception is exhibited in complex non speech sounds
  • judgements about phonemes are influenced by visual cues therefore we cannot argue that a special phonetic module handles all aspects of speech

Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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