Chapter 7 Flashcards
the mental representation of visual stimuli
Visual Imagery
the mental representation of auditory stimuli
Auditory Imagery
___relies completely on top-bottom processing because your sensory receptors do not receive any input when you create a mental image.
Imagery
The use of previous knowledge to gather and interpret stimuli registered by the senses. ___ requires both bottom up and top down processing.
Perception
most mental images are ___ about two thirds
visual
Behaviorist thoughts on mental imagery
behaviorist strongly opposed research on mental imagery because it could not be connected to observable behavior.
research on ___ is difficult to conduct especially because researchers cannot directly observe ___ ___ and because they fade away quickly
Mental imagery
____ Is a method to study mental images.
Mental Rotation
An important controversy: Do mental images resemble perception (using analog code) or do they resemble language using (a propositional code)
Imagery Debate
In the imagery debate an abstract language like representation. this form of storage is neither visual nor spatial, and it doe not physically resemble the original stimulus
Propositional Code
The inability to recognize human faces visually, though other objects may be perceived relatively normally. People with prosopagnosia also have comparable problems in creating visual imagery of faces.
Prosopagnosia
In the imagery debate a mental representation that closely resembles the physical object. you can create a mental image of an object that closely resembles the actual perceptual image on your retina.
Analog code
when you look at a triangle the features of the triangle are registered in your brain in a form that preserves the physical relation ship among the three lines is an example of
Analog Code
When you look at a triangle your brain will register a language like description of the lines and angles. your brain can then use this verbal description to generate a visual image.
Propositional Code
mental rotation supports what kind of perspective?
Analog Code
why does mental rotation support the Analog Code
because the time it takes to rotate the physical figure 160 degrees is longer than the time it would take to rotate it 20 degrees. In contrast the proposition code would estimate the same amount of reaction time.
we treat mental images similar to the way we treat physical objects when we rotate them through space. in both cases it takes longer to perform a large mental rotation than a small one is in support of what perspective
Analog Code
deaf individuals who are fluent in ALS are very skilled at looking at an arrangement of objects in a scene and mentally rotating that scene by 180 degrees. why?
because they have had extensive experience watching a narrator produce signs and they must mentally rotate this sign 180 degrees to understand it.
upright pictures are more quickly recognized than downward images because we are used to perceiving them upright therefore it supports the
Analog Code
In research when researchers biases and expectations influence the outcomes of an experiment.
Experimenter Expectancy
Visual Imagery and distance
participants needed more time to scan a large mental distance compared to a small mental distance.
reasearch on distance and visual imagery support what perspective
Analog Code
Visual Imagery and Shapes research showed that
when two angels are similar in size it takes longer to determine what angel was smaller. when two angels are very different in size it took participants a shorter time. just like in real life it takes longer time to make decisions when two angles are very similar to each other than when the two angles are very different.
Visual Imagery and Shapes supports
Analog Code
Visual Imagery and Interferences
mental images can interfere with an actual physical image. Visual imagery can interfere with visual perception
what supports analog Code
visual imagery and rotation, visual imagery and distance, visual imagery and shapes, visual imagery and interference.
Imagining your friends face(visual image) and attempting to look at the words on a book (physical stimulus) is very hard because
visual imagery interferes with physical stimuli
Visual Imagery and ambiguous figures support what perspective
propositional code
people uses ____ when thinking about very simple figures
analog code
when figures are more complex people might use
propositional code
we often use ____ to provide picture like representations that capture our mental images. however when the stimuli or situation make it difficult to use __ __ we may creat a _ _
analog code, propostional code
Cues that might convey the experimenters hypothesis to a participant in a research study.
Demand Characteristic
experimenter expectancy is a kind of
Demand Characteristic
visual imagery and masking effect
people can see visual targets more accurately if the target is presented in vertical lines on each side, mental imagery produces the same effect
____ can produce masking effect just like ___
visual imgery, visual perception
problem with analog code
space is limited to hold all these mental images.
how much of the same brain regions are active during visual perception also active during visual imagery
about 70-90%
what is a difference between visual imagery and visual perception
during visual perception your rods and cons are are active in your retina while they are not during visual imagery.
what are different kinds of spatial abilities?
spatial visualization, spacial perception, mental rotation
a task that would ask people to look at a sketch of a busy street to find hidden drawings of human faces is what kind of spatial task
Spatial visualization
a typical task would be sitting in a dark room and adjusting an illumated rod so that it is in an exactly vertical postion
Spatial Perception
Is a characteristic of sound stimulus that can be arranged on a scale from low to high
Pitch
describes the sound quality of a tone.
Timber
is a mental representation of geographic information including the environment that surrounds us
Cognitive Maps
research on cognitive maps is part of
Spatial Cognition
Spatial cognitive primarily refers to three cognitive activities
our thoughts about cognitive maps, how we remember the world we navigate, how we keep track of objects in spatial array.
our cognitive maps typically include ___ __ which is the relationship among locations that we acquire by directly learning a map or by repeatedly exploring an environment
Survey Knowledge
A general rule or problem solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution; however it can sometimes lead to cognitive errors. (often used in making judgements about cognitive maps)
Heuristic
two cities are considered to be ___ apart when there are no intermediate cities between them while if there are intervening cities the two cities are considered to be ___apart.
closer, further
people estimate that the distance between two specific locations is larger if they are on different sides of a geographical boarder, compared to two locations on the same side of that boarder.
boarder bias
the general tendency to provide shorter estimates when traveling to a landmark than a nonlandmark location.
landmark effect
people represent angles in a mental map as being closer to 90 degrees than they really are.
90 degree angle heuristics
we remember figures as being more symmetrical and regular than they trully are.
symmetry Heuristics
a figure that is slightly tilted will be remembered as being either more vertical or more horizontal. this only requires one rotation
rotation heuristics
a series of separate geographic structures will be remembered as being more lined up than they really are. requires lining up several separate countries, buildings, geographic locations
alignment heuristics
we can quickly determine what items are _ _ but it takes longer for us to determine what items are _ _ and even longer to determine what items are to _ _
up and below, infront or behind. right , left
it is longer to determine what items are to your right or left
because cmpared to your body your right and left side are symmetrical and harder to distinguish.
to determine what items are up and down it is easy because we base it on
what is on top of our heads or below our feet, and gravity
to determine what item is infront of behind it is easier because we base it off on
our bodies being asymmetrical the back of our bodies is not the same as the front therefore it is easier to distinguish was is behind or infront of us.
we make use of helpful information in the immediate environment of situation as a result what we know depends on the situation we are in. this helps us form cognitive maps, solve problems and form concepts
situated cognitive approach
our thoughts about spatial issues; cognitive maps, remembering the world we navigate, keeping track of
objects in a spatial array
Spatial Cognition
emphasizes that the above‐ below spatial dimension
is especially important in our thinking, the front‐back
dimension is moderately important, and the right‐left
dimension is least important
Spatial Framework Model
