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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

the mental representation of visual stimuli

A

Visual Imagery

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2
Q

the mental representation of auditory stimuli

A

Auditory Imagery

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3
Q

___relies completely on top-bottom processing because your sensory receptors do not receive any input when you create a mental image.

A

Imagery

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4
Q

The use of previous knowledge to gather and interpret stimuli registered by the senses. ___ requires both bottom up and top down processing.

A

Perception

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5
Q

most mental images are ___ about two thirds

A

visual

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6
Q

Behaviorist thoughts on mental imagery

A

behaviorist strongly opposed research on mental imagery because it could not be connected to observable behavior.

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7
Q

research on ___ is difficult to conduct especially because researchers cannot directly observe ___ ___ and because they fade away quickly

A

Mental imagery

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8
Q

____ Is a method to study mental images.

A

Mental Rotation

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9
Q

An important controversy: Do mental images resemble perception (using analog code) or do they resemble language using (a propositional code)

A

Imagery Debate

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10
Q

In the imagery debate an abstract language like representation. this form of storage is neither visual nor spatial, and it doe not physically resemble the original stimulus

A

Propositional Code

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11
Q

The inability to recognize human faces visually, though other objects may be perceived relatively normally. People with prosopagnosia also have comparable problems in creating visual imagery of faces.

A

Prosopagnosia

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12
Q

In the imagery debate a mental representation that closely resembles the physical object. you can create a mental image of an object that closely resembles the actual perceptual image on your retina.

A

Analog code

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13
Q

when you look at a triangle the features of the triangle are registered in your brain in a form that preserves the physical relation ship among the three lines is an example of

A

Analog Code

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14
Q

When you look at a triangle your brain will register a language like description of the lines and angles. your brain can then use this verbal description to generate a visual image.

A

Propositional Code

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15
Q

mental rotation supports what kind of perspective?

A

Analog Code

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16
Q

why does mental rotation support the Analog Code

A

because the time it takes to rotate the physical figure 160 degrees is longer than the time it would take to rotate it 20 degrees. In contrast the proposition code would estimate the same amount of reaction time.

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17
Q

we treat mental images similar to the way we treat physical objects when we rotate them through space. in both cases it takes longer to perform a large mental rotation than a small one is in support of what perspective

A

Analog Code

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18
Q

deaf individuals who are fluent in ALS are very skilled at looking at an arrangement of objects in a scene and mentally rotating that scene by 180 degrees. why?

A

because they have had extensive experience watching a narrator produce signs and they must mentally rotate this sign 180 degrees to understand it.

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19
Q

upright pictures are more quickly recognized than downward images because we are used to perceiving them upright therefore it supports the

A

Analog Code

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20
Q

In research when researchers biases and expectations influence the outcomes of an experiment.

A

Experimenter Expectancy

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21
Q

Visual Imagery and distance

A

participants needed more time to scan a large mental distance compared to a small mental distance.

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22
Q

reasearch on distance and visual imagery support what perspective

A

Analog Code

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23
Q

Visual Imagery and Shapes research showed that

A

when two angels are similar in size it takes longer to determine what angel was smaller. when two angels are very different in size it took participants a shorter time. just like in real life it takes longer time to make decisions when two angles are very similar to each other than when the two angles are very different.

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24
Q

Visual Imagery and Shapes supports

A

Analog Code

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25
Q

Visual Imagery and Interferences

A

mental images can interfere with an actual physical image. Visual imagery can interfere with visual perception

26
Q

what supports analog Code

A

visual imagery and rotation, visual imagery and distance, visual imagery and shapes, visual imagery and interference.

27
Q

Imagining your friends face(visual image) and attempting to look at the words on a book (physical stimulus) is very hard because

A

visual imagery interferes with physical stimuli

28
Q

Visual Imagery and ambiguous figures support what perspective

A

propositional code

29
Q

people uses ____ when thinking about very simple figures

A

analog code

30
Q

when figures are more complex people might use

A

propositional code

31
Q

we often use ____ to provide picture like representations that capture our mental images. however when the stimuli or situation make it difficult to use __ __ we may creat a _ _

A

analog code, propostional code

32
Q

Cues that might convey the experimenters hypothesis to a participant in a research study.

A

Demand Characteristic

33
Q

experimenter expectancy is a kind of

A

Demand Characteristic

34
Q

visual imagery and masking effect

A

people can see visual targets more accurately if the target is presented in vertical lines on each side, mental imagery produces the same effect

35
Q

____ can produce masking effect just like ___

A

visual imgery, visual perception

36
Q

problem with analog code

A

space is limited to hold all these mental images.

37
Q

how much of the same brain regions are active during visual perception also active during visual imagery

A

about 70-90%

38
Q

what is a difference between visual imagery and visual perception

A

during visual perception your rods and cons are are active in your retina while they are not during visual imagery.

39
Q

what are different kinds of spatial abilities?

A

spatial visualization, spacial perception, mental rotation

40
Q

a task that would ask people to look at a sketch of a busy street to find hidden drawings of human faces is what kind of spatial task

A

Spatial visualization

41
Q

a typical task would be sitting in a dark room and adjusting an illumated rod so that it is in an exactly vertical postion

A

Spatial Perception

42
Q

Is a characteristic of sound stimulus that can be arranged on a scale from low to high

A

Pitch

43
Q

describes the sound quality of a tone.

A

Timber

44
Q

is a mental representation of geographic information including the environment that surrounds us

A

Cognitive Maps

45
Q

research on cognitive maps is part of

A

Spatial Cognition

46
Q

Spatial cognitive primarily refers to three cognitive activities

A

our thoughts about cognitive maps, how we remember the world we navigate, how we keep track of objects in spatial array.

47
Q

our cognitive maps typically include ___ __ which is the relationship among locations that we acquire by directly learning a map or by repeatedly exploring an environment

A

Survey Knowledge

48
Q

A general rule or problem solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution; however it can sometimes lead to cognitive errors. (often used in making judgements about cognitive maps)

A

Heuristic

49
Q

two cities are considered to be ___ apart when there are no intermediate cities between them while if there are intervening cities the two cities are considered to be ___apart.

A

closer, further

50
Q

people estimate that the distance between two specific locations is larger if they are on different sides of a geographical boarder, compared to two locations on the same side of that boarder.

A

boarder bias

51
Q

the general tendency to provide shorter estimates when traveling to a landmark than a nonlandmark location.

A

landmark effect

52
Q

people represent angles in a mental map as being closer to 90 degrees than they really are.

A

90 degree angle heuristics

53
Q

we remember figures as being more symmetrical and regular than they trully are.

A

symmetry Heuristics

54
Q

a figure that is slightly tilted will be remembered as being either more vertical or more horizontal. this only requires one rotation

A

rotation heuristics

55
Q

a series of separate geographic structures will be remembered as being more lined up than they really are. requires lining up several separate countries, buildings, geographic locations

A

alignment heuristics

56
Q

we can quickly determine what items are _ _ but it takes longer for us to determine what items are _ _ and even longer to determine what items are to _ _

A

up and below, infront or behind. right , left

57
Q

it is longer to determine what items are to your right or left

A

because cmpared to your body your right and left side are symmetrical and harder to distinguish.

58
Q

to determine what items are up and down it is easy because we base it on

A

what is on top of our heads or below our feet, and gravity

59
Q

to determine what item is infront of behind it is easier because we base it off on

A

our bodies being asymmetrical the back of our bodies is not the same as the front therefore it is easier to distinguish was is behind or infront of us.

60
Q

we make use of helpful information in the immediate environment of situation as a result what we know depends on the situation we are in. this helps us form cognitive maps, solve problems and form concepts

A

situated cognitive approach

61
Q

our thoughts about spatial issues; cognitive maps, remembering the world we navigate, keeping track of
objects in a spatial array

A

Spatial Cognition

62
Q

emphasizes that the above‐ below spatial dimension
is especially important in our thinking, the front‐back
dimension is moderately important, and the right‐left
dimension is least important

A

Spatial Framework Model

Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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