Chapter 9 Flashcards
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Flashbulb memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Memory
The processing of information into the memory system. Extracting meaning.
Encoding
The retention of encoded information over time.
Storage
The process of getting info out of memory storage.
Retrieval
The immediate brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Sensory memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored and forgotten. (Digits of phone number while dialing)
Short term memory
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Long term memory
New understanding of short term memory involving conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spacial info and of information retrieved from long term memory
Working memory
Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and of well learned info such as word meanings.
Automatic processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Effortful processing
The conscious repetition of info either to maintain it consciousness or to encode it for storage.
Rehearsal
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice.
Spacing effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list
Serial position effect
The encoding of picture images
Visual encoding
The encoding of a sound, especially the sound of words
Acoustic encoding
The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
Semantic encoding
Mental pictures (powerful with semantic encoding)
Imagery
Memory aids
Mnemonics
Organizing items into familiar manageable units- automatically
Chunking
Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli - picture image lasting no more than a few seconds
Iconic memory
Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli - if attention is elsewhere, sounds can be recalled within 3 - 4 seconds
Echoic memory
An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after a brief rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Long Term Potential
Loss of memory
Amnesia
