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AP Psychology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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0
Q

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, communicating, and remembering

A

Cognition

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1
Q

Study mental activities including logical and sometimes illogical ways in which we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgements

A

Cognitive Psychologists

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2
Q

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

A

Concepts

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3
Q

A mental image or best example of category or best example of a category

A

Prototype

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4
Q

An attempt to find an appropriate way of a attaining a goal when it’s not readily available

A

Problem solving

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5
Q

Thomas Edison and lightbulb filaments

A

Trial and Error

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6
Q

Step by step procedures that guarantee a solution

A

Algorithms

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7
Q

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently usually speedier but also more error prone

A

Heuristics

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8
Q

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution of a problem. Provides a sense of satisfaction. (Aha moments)

A

Insight

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9
Q

A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

A

Conformation bias

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10
Q

The inability to see a problem from perspective; an impediment to a problem solving.

A

Fixation

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11
Q

The inability to solve a problem, because it is viewed only in terms of usual function (activity)

A

Functional fixedness

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12
Q

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

A

Mental Set

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13
Q

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
(Ex. People thinking I am a gymnast because I’m small when I’m not into sports)

A

Representative Heuristic

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14
Q

**Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (maybe due to vividness), we presume such events are common.
(Overestimate likelihood of winning bc we are reminded of the noisy winning/celebration)

A

Availability heuristic

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15
Q

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgement.

A

Overconfidence

16
Q

**The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can be significantly affect decisions and judgements. (Ex. 10% will die in this surgical procedure vs. 90% live)

A

Framing

17
Q

**The tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or vs. versa.
(Ex. Santa - not logical. Or still thinking a bad relationship is healthy.)

A

Belief Bias

18
Q

**Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. (Ex. Still believing in Santa even when you saw your parents putting the gifts out. Or after Bf cheats you still think they love you.)

A

Belief perseverance

19
Q

The ability to think in novel ways and come up with unique solutions to problems

A

Creativity

20
Q

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

A

Language

21
Q

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

A

Phoneme

22
Q

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part if a word. (Ex. Prefix)

A

Morpheme

23
Q

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

A

Grammar

24
Q

The set of rules by which we derives meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language- study of meaning

A

Semantics

25
Q

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

A

Syntax

26
Q

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds unrelated to household language

A

Babbling stage

27
Q

The stage in speech development, from about age 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words

A

One word stage

28
Q

Beginning about age 2 the stage of speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements

A

Two word stage

29
Q

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - “go car” - using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words

A

Telegraph speech

30
Q

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

A

Linguistic determinism

31
Q

His had a theory that humans are biologically predisposed to acquire language

A

Noam Chomsky

AP Psychology (18 decks)

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