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AP Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

Greek for joint. A fertilized egg.

A

Zygote

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1
Q

The branch of psychology concerned with physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan.

A

Developmental psychology

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2
Q

Developing prenatal organism between 2 weeks to 2 months after conception.

A

Embryo

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3
Q

The developing prenatal human from 9 weeks to birth

A

Fetus

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4
Q

Poisons, drugs, viruses, or substances that cross the mothers placenta to the developing baby that can harm it

A

Teratogens

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5
Q

Abnormalities that heavy drinking by the pregnant woman may cause in the developing child.

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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6
Q

Newborns tendency when stroked to orient toward touch in search of nipple

A

Rooting reflex

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7
Q

Used to study infant cognition. Is the decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented.

A

Habituation

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8
Q

Refers to the biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior and are relatively uninfluenced by experience or other environmental factors.

A

Maturation

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9
Q

*Mental concepts and frameworks formed that organize and interpret information

A

*Schemas

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10
Q

Refers to changing an existing schema to incorporate new information that cannot be assimilated

A

Accommodation

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11
Q

Refers to interpreting a new experience in terms of an existing schema

A

Assimilation

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12
Q

Refers to all mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

A

Cognition

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13
Q

This stage lasts from birth to age 2. Infants gain knowledge of the world through their senses and motor activities

A

Sensorimotor Stage

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14
Q

Develops during the sensorimotor stage, is the awareness that things do not cease to exist when not percieved

A

Object permanence

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15
Q

This stage lasts from 2-7 years old. Language development is rapid, but child is unable to understand the mental operations of concrete logic

A

Preoperational stage

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16
Q

Properties like number, volume, and mass remain constant despite changes of object forms. Acquired during concrete operational stage

A

Conservation

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17
Q

Difficulty that preoperational children have in considering another’s viewpoint. Self centered.

A

Egocentrism

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18
Q

Our ideas about our own and others thoughts, feelings, and perceptions, and the behaviors these might predict constitute this

A

Theory of mind

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19
Q

A disorder in childhood marked by deficiencies in communications, social interaction, and theory of mind

A

Autism

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20
Q

Lasting from 6-11, children can think logically about concrete events and objects

A

Concrete operational stage

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21
Q

Begins at 12. People begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

A

Formal operational stage

22
Q

The fear of strangers that infants begin to display at 8 months of age

A

Stranger anxiety

23
Q

An emotional tie with another person, distress at separation

A

Attachment

24
Q

Limited time shortly after birth during which an organism must be exposed to certain experiences or influences if it is to develop properly

A

Critical period

25
Q

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a limited critical period early in life.

A

Imprinting

26
Q

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy - infants think this if caregiving needs are met

A

Basic trust

27
Q

A persons sense of identity and personal worth

A

Self - concept

28
Q

Life stage from puberty to independent adulthood.

A

Adolescence

29
Q

The earliest period of adolescence - now capable of reproduction

A

Puberty

30
Q

Bodily structures for reproduction

A

Primary sex characteristics

31
Q

No reproductive sexual characteristics, breasts, body hair, deep voices

A

Secondary sex characteristics

32
Q

The first menstrual period

A

Menarche

33
Q

Ones sense of self

A

Identity

34
Q

Ability to establish close, loving relationships

A

Intimacy

35
Q

When menstruation stops in the late four ties early fifties. Signals end of reproduction years.

A

Menopause

36
Q

A progressive and irreversible brain disorder caused by deterioration of neurons that produce ach. Loss of memory, reasoning, physical functioning.

A

Alzheimer’s

37
Q

People of different ages compared to each other

A

Cross sectional study

38
Q

The same people are tested and retested over a period of years

A

Longitudinal study

39
Q

Refers to aspects of intellectual ability, such as vocabulary and general knowledge, that reflect accumulated learning. Increases with age

A

Crystallized intelligence

40
Q

Refers to a persons ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Declines with age.

A

Fluid intelligence

41
Q

Refers to culturally preferred timing of social events, like leaving home, marrying, having kids, and retiring.

A

Social clock

42
Q

Developmental psychologist who is best known for studying the cognitive development in children using careful observation. 4 stage theory.

A

Jean Piaget

43
Q

best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of care-giving and companionship in social and cognitive development.

A

Harry Harlow

44
Q

known for her work in early emotional attachment with the Strange Situation design, as well as her work in the development of attachment theory.

A

Mary Ainsworth

45
Q

Children with this know that adults are reliable and will trust people. Get over it when mother leaves, seek contact when she comes back, comforted

A

Secure attachment

46
Q

Children with this have learned that adults are not reliable, and do not trust easily. Children cry more often, when mother returns they hardly react.

A

Insecure attachment

47
Q

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

A

Familiarity

48
Q

He described the development of moral reasoning

A

Kohlberg

49
Q

During this stage of character development, children obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards (before age 9)

A

Preconvential Morality

50
Q

By this stage of character development, children uphold laws and social rules simply because they are laws and rules

A

Conventional Morality

51
Q

By young adulthood, people begin to affirm their own agreed upon rights or follows what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles. (15-16 yrs old)

A

Post-conventional Morality

52
Q

He created an 8 stage theory that helped explain development from birth to death.
(psychological development)

A

Erik Erikson

AP Psychology (18 decks)

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