Chapter 8

Question 0

Strengthens the behavior it follows. (Ex. Give candy to the people who volunteer to help.)

Answer 0

Positive Reinforcement

Question 1

Differential reinforcement: acting in a way that gets closer to the desired behavior.

Answer 1

Successive Approximation

Question 2

Strengthens a response by removing an aversive stimulus after that response. (Ex. Take away whining by giving in reinforces that behavior.)

Answer 2

Negative Reinforcement

Question 3

Inborn response that doesn’t depend on learning. (Ex. Food is good and we know it naturally!)

Answer 3

Primary Reinforcers

Question 4

Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers. (Ex. Thumbs up. Initially does nothing for us until add something innately positive - a smile - to give it meaning.)

Answer 4

Secondary Reinforcers

Question 5

Adding something undesirable to the punishment as a result of an undesirable consequence. (Ex. Speeding ticket/fine.)

Answer 5

Positive Punishment

Question 6

Removal of something due to an undesired consequence. (Ex. Take away privileges as a punishment.)

Answer 6

Negative Punishment

Question 7

Operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Answer 7

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 8

Operant procedure of reinforcing a response occasionally. This type of reinforcement makes responses much more resistant to extinction.

Answer 8

Intermittent Reinforcement

Question 9

Reinforcement is presented after each response (1-1).

Answer 9

Fixed Ratio Schedules

Question 10

Reinforcement is presented after a number of responses.

Answer 10

Variable Ratio Schedules

Question 11

Response is reinforced after a specific time has elapsed.

Answer 11

Fixed Interval Schedules

Question 12

Responses are reinforced after varying intervals of time.

Answer 12

Variable Interval Schedules

Question 13

The presentation of an aversive stimulus which decreases the behavior it follows.

Answer 13

Punishment

Question 14

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Answer 14

Latent Learning

Question 15

The mental picture of ones environment.

Answer 15

Cognitive Map

Question 16

The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake rather than for some external reason.

Answer 16

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 17

The desire to perform behavior because of the reward or to avoid punishment.

Answer 17

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 18

Learning by watching an imitating the behavior of others.

Answer 18

Observational Learning

Question 19

Watching and then imitating a specific behavior.

Answer 19

Modeling

Question 20

Neural basis for observational learning. Impulses are generated when certain actions are performed of when the performing individual is observed.

Answer 20

Mirror Neurons

Question 21

He proposed the “Social Learning Theory”

Learning happens by observation, self efficiency, and modeling. The performing of a task to meet a goal.

Answer 21

Albert Bandura

Question 22

Positive, helpful, and constructive behavior which is subject to the same principle of observational learning as undesirable behavior like aggression.

Answer 22

Prosocial Behavior

Question 23

Permanent change in an organism behavior due to experience.

Answer 23

Learning

Question 24

Certain events occur together.

Answer 24

Associative learning

Question 25

Stimulus learned to trigger a response

Answer 25

Classical conditioning

Question 26

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only behaviors

Answer 26

Behaviorism

Question 27

Russian psychologist - salivating dog

Answer 27

Ivan Pavlov

Question 28

Stimulus that naturally triggers an unconditioned response

Answer 28

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 29

Unlearned involuntary response to US

Answer 29

Unconditioned Response

Question 30

Stimulus that doesn’t have an affect

Answer 30

Neutral stimulus

Question 31

Originally neutral that becomes a CR after association with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 31

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 32

Learned response to CS (previously NS) resulting from acquired association with US

Answer 32

Conditioned Response

Question 33

Initial stage of conditioning where new response is established and gradually strengthened.

Answer 33

Acquisition

Question 34

Weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer followed by the US- response no longer reinforced.

Answer 34

Extinction

Question 35

Reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period

Answer 35

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 36

Stimuli similar to original CS to evoke a similar response

Answer 36

Generalization

Question 37

Respond differently to similar stimuli. Ability to distinguish.

Answer 37

Discrimination.

Question 38

Researched taste aversion theory.

Answer 38

John Garcia

Question 39

One time - avoiding food after an illness.

Answer 39

Taste Aversion

Question 40

Learning where behavior is strengthened with a reinforcer and diminished with a punisher.

Answer 40

Operant Conditioning

Question 41

Automatic response to some stimuli.

Answer 41

Respondent Behavior

Question 42

Behavior that operates on environment and produces consequences- voluntary. (Consequences change behavior) - BF Skinner

Answer 42

Operant Conditioning

Question 43

He is associated with operant behavior. Used rats in a Skinner box. Most controversial psychologist.

Answer 43

BF Skinner

Question 44

He is known for his Law Of Effect. Used a puzzle Box.

Answer 44

Edward L. Thorndike

Question 45

Proposed by Thorndike. Behavior followed by favorable consequences where more likely to occur again and vis versa.

Answer 45

Law Of Effect

Question 46

Made by BF Skinner. Also known as a Skinner Box. Experiment chamber for operant conditioning.

Answer 46

Operant Chamber

Question 47

Establishing a new response by reinforcing successive behaviors. (Ex. Rewarding a dog as he is taught a new trick step by step.)

Answer 47

Shaping