Chapter 8 Flashcards
Strengthens the behavior it follows. (Ex. Give candy to the people who volunteer to help.)
Positive Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement: acting in a way that gets closer to the desired behavior.
Successive Approximation
Strengthens a response by removing an aversive stimulus after that response. (Ex. Take away whining by giving in reinforces that behavior.)
Negative Reinforcement
Inborn response that doesn’t depend on learning. (Ex. Food is good and we know it naturally!)
Primary Reinforcers
Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers. (Ex. Thumbs up. Initially does nothing for us until add something innately positive - a smile - to give it meaning.)
Secondary Reinforcers
Adding something undesirable to the punishment as a result of an undesirable consequence. (Ex. Speeding ticket/fine.)
Positive Punishment
Removal of something due to an undesired consequence. (Ex. Take away privileges as a punishment.)
Negative Punishment
Operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Continuous Reinforcement
Operant procedure of reinforcing a response occasionally. This type of reinforcement makes responses much more resistant to extinction.
Intermittent Reinforcement
Reinforcement is presented after each response (1-1).
Fixed Ratio Schedules
Reinforcement is presented after a number of responses.
Variable Ratio Schedules
Response is reinforced after a specific time has elapsed.
Fixed Interval Schedules
Responses are reinforced after varying intervals of time.
Variable Interval Schedules
The presentation of an aversive stimulus which decreases the behavior it follows.
Punishment
Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Latent Learning
The mental picture of ones environment.
Cognitive Map
The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake rather than for some external reason.
Intrinsic Motivation
The desire to perform behavior because of the reward or to avoid punishment.
Extrinsic Motivation
Learning by watching an imitating the behavior of others.
Observational Learning
Watching and then imitating a specific behavior.
Modeling
Neural basis for observational learning. Impulses are generated when certain actions are performed of when the performing individual is observed.
Mirror Neurons
He proposed the “Social Learning Theory”
Learning happens by observation, self efficiency, and modeling. The performing of a task to meet a goal.
Albert Bandura
Positive, helpful, and constructive behavior which is subject to the same principle of observational learning as undesirable behavior like aggression.
Prosocial Behavior
Permanent change in an organism behavior due to experience.
Learning
Certain events occur together.
Associative learning
Stimulus learned to trigger a response
Classical conditioning
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only behaviors
Behaviorism
Russian psychologist - salivating dog
Ivan Pavlov
Stimulus that naturally triggers an unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus
Unlearned involuntary response to US
Unconditioned Response
Stimulus that doesn’t have an affect
Neutral stimulus
Originally neutral that becomes a CR after association with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Learned response to CS (previously NS) resulting from acquired association with US
Conditioned Response
Initial stage of conditioning where new response is established and gradually strengthened.
Acquisition
Weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer followed by the US- response no longer reinforced.
Extinction
Reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period
Spontaneous Recovery
Stimuli similar to original CS to evoke a similar response
Generalization
Respond differently to similar stimuli. Ability to distinguish.
Discrimination.
Researched taste aversion theory.
John Garcia
One time - avoiding food after an illness.
Taste Aversion
Learning where behavior is strengthened with a reinforcer and diminished with a punisher.
Operant Conditioning
Automatic response to some stimuli.
Respondent Behavior
Behavior that operates on environment and produces consequences- voluntary. (Consequences change behavior) - BF Skinner
Operant Conditioning
He is associated with operant behavior. Used rats in a Skinner box. Most controversial psychologist.
BF Skinner
He is known for his Law Of Effect. Used a puzzle Box.
Edward L. Thorndike
Proposed by Thorndike. Behavior followed by favorable consequences where more likely to occur again and vis versa.
Law Of Effect
Made by BF Skinner. Also known as a Skinner Box. Experiment chamber for operant conditioning.
Operant Chamber
Establishing a new response by reinforcing successive behaviors. (Ex. Rewarding a dog as he is taught a new trick step by step.)
Shaping
