Chapter 8 Flashcards

0
Q

Strengthens the behavior it follows. (Ex. Give candy to the people who volunteer to help.)

A

Positive Reinforcement

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1
Q

Differential reinforcement: acting in a way that gets closer to the desired behavior.

A

Successive Approximation

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2
Q

Strengthens a response by removing an aversive stimulus after that response. (Ex. Take away whining by giving in reinforces that behavior.)

A

Negative Reinforcement

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3
Q

Inborn response that doesn’t depend on learning. (Ex. Food is good and we know it naturally!)

A

Primary Reinforcers

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4
Q

Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers. (Ex. Thumbs up. Initially does nothing for us until add something innately positive - a smile - to give it meaning.)

A

Secondary Reinforcers

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5
Q

Adding something undesirable to the punishment as a result of an undesirable consequence. (Ex. Speeding ticket/fine.)

A

Positive Punishment

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6
Q

Removal of something due to an undesired consequence. (Ex. Take away privileges as a punishment.)

A

Negative Punishment

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7
Q

Operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

A

Continuous Reinforcement

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8
Q

Operant procedure of reinforcing a response occasionally. This type of reinforcement makes responses much more resistant to extinction.

A

Intermittent Reinforcement

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9
Q

Reinforcement is presented after each response (1-1).

A

Fixed Ratio Schedules

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10
Q

Reinforcement is presented after a number of responses.

A

Variable Ratio Schedules

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11
Q

Response is reinforced after a specific time has elapsed.

A

Fixed Interval Schedules

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12
Q

Responses are reinforced after varying intervals of time.

A

Variable Interval Schedules

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13
Q

The presentation of an aversive stimulus which decreases the behavior it follows.

A

Punishment

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14
Q

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

A

Latent Learning

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15
Q

The mental picture of ones environment.

A

Cognitive Map

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16
Q

The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake rather than for some external reason.

A

Intrinsic Motivation

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17
Q

The desire to perform behavior because of the reward or to avoid punishment.

A

Extrinsic Motivation

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18
Q

Learning by watching an imitating the behavior of others.

A

Observational Learning

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19
Q

Watching and then imitating a specific behavior.

20
Q

Neural basis for observational learning. Impulses are generated when certain actions are performed of when the performing individual is observed.

A

Mirror Neurons

21
Q

He proposed the “Social Learning Theory”

Learning happens by observation, self efficiency, and modeling. The performing of a task to meet a goal.

A

Albert Bandura

22
Q

Positive, helpful, and constructive behavior which is subject to the same principle of observational learning as undesirable behavior like aggression.

A

Prosocial Behavior

23
Q

Permanent change in an organism behavior due to experience.

24
Certain events occur together.
Associative learning
25
Stimulus learned to trigger a response
Classical conditioning
26
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only behaviors
Behaviorism
27
Russian psychologist - salivating dog
Ivan Pavlov
28
Stimulus that naturally triggers an unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus
29
Unlearned involuntary response to US
Unconditioned Response
30
Stimulus that doesn't have an affect
Neutral stimulus
31
Originally neutral that becomes a CR after association with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
32
Learned response to CS (previously NS) resulting from acquired association with US
Conditioned Response
33
Initial stage of conditioning where new response is established and gradually strengthened.
Acquisition
34
Weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer followed by the US- response no longer reinforced.
Extinction
35
Reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period
Spontaneous Recovery
36
Stimuli similar to original CS to evoke a similar response
Generalization
37
Respond differently to similar stimuli. Ability to distinguish.
Discrimination.
38
Researched taste aversion theory.
John Garcia
39
One time - avoiding food after an illness.
Taste Aversion
40
Learning where behavior is strengthened with a reinforcer and diminished with a punisher.
Operant Conditioning
41
Automatic response to some stimuli.
Respondent Behavior
42
Behavior that operates on environment and produces consequences- voluntary. (Consequences change behavior) - BF Skinner
Operant Conditioning
43
He is associated with operant behavior. Used rats in a Skinner box. Most controversial psychologist.
BF Skinner
44
He is known for his Law Of Effect. Used a puzzle Box.
Edward L. Thorndike
45
Proposed by Thorndike. Behavior followed by favorable consequences where more likely to occur again and vis versa.
Law Of Effect
46
Made by BF Skinner. Also known as a Skinner Box. Experiment chamber for operant conditioning.
Operant Chamber
47
Establishing a new response by reinforcing successive behaviors. (Ex. Rewarding a dog as he is taught a new trick step by step.)
Shaping