Chapter 18

Question 0

Deals with our casual explanations of behavior. We attribute behavior to the individuals disposition or to the situation

Answer 0

Attribution theory

Question 1

Scientifically studies how we think about, influence, and relate to each other.

Answer 1

Social psychology

Question 2

Our tendency to underestimate the impact of situations and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions upon behavior of others

Answer 2

Fundamental attribution error

Question 3

These are feelings, based on beliefs, that may predispose a person to respond in particular ways to objects, people and events

Answer 3

Attitudes

Question 4

The tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Answer 4

Foot in the door phenomenon

Question 5

The theory that we act to reduce the psychological discomfort we experience when our behavior conflicts with what we think and feel. Accomplished by changing our attitude rather than our behavior. (Dissonance = lack of harmony)

Answer 5

Cognitive dissonance theory

Question 6

The tendency to change ones thinking or behavior to coincide with a group standard

Answer 6

Conformity

Question 7

The pressure on individuals to conform in order to avoid rejection or gain social approval

Answer 7

Normative social influence

Question 8

Results when one goes along with a group when one is willing to accept others opinions about reality

Answer 8

Informational social influence

Question 9

Is the improvement in performance of simple or well learned tasks that occurs when other people are present

Answer 9

Social facilitation

Question 10

The tendency for individual effort to be diminished when one is part of a group working toward a common goal

Answer 10

Social loafing

Question 11

Refers to the loss of self awareness and self restraint that sometimes occurs in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Answer 11

Deindividualition

Question 12

Refers to the enhancement of a group’s prevailing tendencies through discussion, which often has he effect of accentuating he groups differences from other group

Answer 12

Group polarization

Question 13

Refers to the unrealistic thought processes and decision making that occur within groups when the desire for the group harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Answer 13

Group think

Question 14

An unjustifiable attitude toward a group of people

Answer 14

Prejudice

Question 15

A generalized belief about a group of people

Answer 15

Stereotype

Question 16

An unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

Answer 16

Discrimination

Question 17

This refers to people and groups within whom we share a common identity

Answer 17

Ingroup

Question 18

Refers to people and groups that are excluded from ones own ingroup

Answer 18

Outgroup

Question 19

The tendency to favor ones own group

Answer 19

Ingroup bias

Question 20

Proposes that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame

Answer 20

Scapegoat theory

Question 21

Random students playing prison. Cruel guards and inhumane treatment.

Answer 21

Philip Zimbardo - Stanford prison experiment

Question 22

A manifestation of the commonly held belief that good is rewarded and evil is punished.

Answer 22

Just-world phenomenon

Question 23

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Answer 23

Aggression

Question 24

This states that aggression is triggered when people become angry because their efforts to achieve a goal have been blocked

Answer 24

Frustration aggression principle

Question 25

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas between individuals or groups

Answer 25

Conflict

Question 26

A situation in which conflicting parties become caught up in mutually harmful behavior as they pursue their perceived best interests

Answer 26

Social trap

Question 27

Refers to the fact that repeated exposure to an unfamiliar stimulus increases our liking of it

Answer 27

Mere exposure effect

Question 28

Refers to an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another person - especially at the beginning of a relationship

Answer 28

Passionate love

Question 29

Refers to a deep, enduring, affectionate attachment

Answer 29

Compassionate Love

Question 30

Refers to the condition in which there is mutual giving and receiving between the partners in a relationship

Answer 30

Equity

Question 31

Refers to a person’s sharing intimate feelings with another

Answer 31

Self-disclosure

Question 32

Is unselfish regard for welfare of others

Answer 32

Altruism

Question 33

The tendency of a person to be less likely to offer help to someone if there are other people present

Answer 33

Bystander effect

Question 34

States that our social behavior revolves around exchanges in which we try to minimize our costs and maximize our benefits

Answer 34

Social exchange theory

Question 35

The expectation that people will help those who have helped them

Answer 35

Reciprocity norm

Question 36

The expectation that people will help those who depend on the,

Answer 36

Social responsibility norm

Question 37

Mutual goals that require the cooperation of individuals or groups otherwise in conflict

Answer 37

Superordinate goals

Question 38

A strategy of conflict resolution based on the defusing effect that conciliatory gestures can have on parties in conflict

Answer 38

GRIT