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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9 (2) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (2) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is anencephaly

A

congenital condition where all or part of the cranium and cerebrum are missing

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2
Q

an-

A

without

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3
Q

-cephaly

A

condition of the brain

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4
Q

what is amnesia

A

partial or total loss of memory due to damage to the hippocampus

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5
Q

amnes/o

A

memory loss

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6
Q

-ia

A

condition of

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7
Q

what is aphasia

A

loss of the ability to communicate verbally or in writing

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8
Q

what is brain death

A

irreversible loss of brain function; confirmed by a EEG that is flat and indicating no brain activity for 30 min

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9
Q

what is a brain tumor

A

benign or malignant tumor in any area of the brain that arise in neuroglia or meninges

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10
Q

what is a astrocytoma

A

malignant tumor from astrocytes in the cerebrum

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11
Q

what is an ependymoma

A

benign tumor from ependymal cells in the ventricles and central spinal canal

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12
Q

what is a glioblastoma multiforme

A

malignant tumor from immature astrocytes in the cerebrum

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13
Q

what is a glioma

A

benign or malignant tumor from any neuroglial cell

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14
Q

why is a lymphoma

A

malignant tumor from the microglia in the cerebrum

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15
Q

what is a meningioma

A

benign tumor from the meninges around the brain or spinal cord

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16
Q

what is an oligodendroglioma

A

malignant tumor from the oligodendroglia in the cerebrum

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17
Q

what is a schwannoma

A

benign tumor from the schwann cells that produce myelin near the cranial or spinal nerves

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18
Q

what is cephalalgia

A

a headache

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19
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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20
Q

alg/o-

A

pain

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21
Q

what is cerebral palsy

A

caused by lack of oxygen to the brain at birth
causes spastic muscles, lack of coordination, paralysis, seizures, and intellectual disability

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22
Q

what is a cerebrovascular accident

A

disruption or blockage of blood flow to the brain that causes an infarct/stroke

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23
Q

what is a coma

A

state of deep unconsciousness and unresponsiveness

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24
Q

what is delirium

A

acute confusion, disorientation, and agitation due to toxic levels of chemicals, drugs, alcohol

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25
Q

what is a concussion

A

immediate loss of consciousness due to sudden impact of the brain with the cranium

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26
Q

what is a neurocognitive disorder

A

disease of the brain in which many neurons die, the cerebral cortex shrinks in size, and mental function deteriorates
(dementia)

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27
Q

what are alzheimer, parkinson, and multiple sclerosis examples of

A

neurocognitive disorder

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28
Q

what is down syndrome

A

genetic defect created by random error in cell division that causes three copies of chromosome 21 in the genes rather than two copies

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29
Q

what is dyslexia

A

difficulty reading and writing words

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30
Q

dys-

A

difficult

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31
Q

lex/o-

A

word

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32
Q

what is encephalitis

A

inflammation and infection of the brain caused by a viral infection

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33
Q

what is epilepsy

A

recurring condition in which groups of neurons in the brain send out abnormal, uncontrolled electrical impulses

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34
Q

what is a tonic-clonic seizure

A

body alternates between excess muscle tone (tonic) and jerking muscle contractions (clonic)

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35
Q

what is an absence seizure

A

patient is conscious with slight or no muscle activity

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36
Q

what is a complex partial seizure

A

patient has some degree of impaired consciousness with some involuntary contractions

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37
Q

what is a simple partial seizure

A

patient has no impaired consciousness but cannot stop involuntary motor activity

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38
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

excessive CSF or blocked CSF flow in the brain that causes increased pressure

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39
Q

hydr/o-

A

water

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40
Q

-cephalus

A

head

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41
Q

what is a hematoma

A

localized collection of blood due to cranial trauma or hemorrhage

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42
Q

what is meningitis

A

infection and inflammation of the meninges due to bacterium or virus

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43
Q

what is a migraine headache

A

recurring headache with severe, throbbing pain on one side of the head

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44
Q

what is narcolepsy

A

brief episodes of involuntarily falling asleep while engaged in daytime activities

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45
Q

narco

A

to put to sleep

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46
Q

what is parkinson disease

A

chronic, degenerative disease caused by imbalance in dopamine and acetylcholine levels

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47
Q

what is syncope

A

temporary loss of consciousness associated with decrease blood flow to brain

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48
Q

what is a neural tube defect

A

congenital abnormality of the neural tube (an embryonic spinal structure)

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49
Q

what is radiculopathy

A

acute or chronic condition of pressure and pain on spinal nerve roots

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50
Q

radix

A

root

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51
Q

what is a spinal cord injury (SCI)

A

partial or complete transection of the spinal cord

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52
Q

para

A

abnormal; two parts

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53
Q

pleg/o-

A

paralysis

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54
Q

quadri-

A

four

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55
Q

what is anesthesia

A

loss of sensation of any type; can be temporary or permanent

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56
Q

what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig disease)

A

chronic, progressive disease of the motor nerves that go from the spinal cord to the muscles

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57
Q

what is bell palsy

A

weakness, drooping, or paralysis on one side of the face due to facial nerve inflammation (usually temporary)

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58
Q

what is carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

chronic condition caused by repetitive hand and wrist motions

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59
Q

carp/o-

A

wrist

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60
Q

what is guillain-barre syndrome

A

autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies against myelin in PNS

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61
Q

what is hyperesthesia

A

increased sensitivity to touch and pain stimuli

62
Q

hyper

A

above normal

63
Q

esthes/o-

A

feeling or sensation

64
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies against myelin in the CNS

65
Q

what is neuralgia

A

pain along the path of a nerve and its branches caused by injury

66
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

67
Q

gemin/o-

A

group

68
Q

neuritis

A

infection or inflammation of a nerve

69
Q

what is polyneuritis

A

neuritis that affects many nerves

70
Q

what is a neuroma

A

benign tumor of a nerve

71
Q

what is neuropathy

A

general term for any type of nerve disease

72
Q

-pathy

A

disease

73
Q

what is paresthesia

A

condition of abnormal tingling or burning sensation of the skin

74
Q

what is alpha fetoprotein

A

amniotic fluid test to determine if a fetus has meningocele or meningomyelocele

75
Q

amni/o-

A

to prick

76
Q

cent-

A

surgical to puncture

77
Q

how is fluid collected in alpha fetoprotein

A

amniocentesis

78
Q

what is CSF examination

A

visually examines color and clarity of CSF
microscopically examines cells in CSF
chemically tests CSF for proteins

79
Q

what is cerebral angiography

A

contrast dye and x rays that outline the arteries of the brain

80
Q

what is computed axial tomography (CT, CAT)

A

x ray slices of the cranium, brain, vertebral column, or spinal cord used to create a complete image

81
Q

what is doppler ultrasonography

A

high frequency sound waves that produce a two-dimensional image of stenosis, plaque, or turbulence in carotid arteries

82
Q

what is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

magnetic field and radio waves that create image slices of the cranium, brain, vertebral column, and spinal cord to create a full image

83
Q

what is positron emission tomography (PET)

A

radioactive glucose that releases positrons that create an image of cellular and metabolic activity

84
Q

what is a skull x ray

A

x ray of the skull that uses no contrast dye and shows only bone

85
Q

what is electroencephalography (EEG)

A

electrodes placed on head and connected to a machine to record electrical activity of the brain

86
Q

what is evoked potential testing

A

EEG and stimulus used to record changes in brain waves

87
Q

what is a nerve conduction study

A

two electrodes places at measured intervals used to determine the speed at which an electrical impulse travels along a nerve

88
Q

what is polysomnography

A

EEG and eye movement, muscle activity, heartbeat, and respiration measurements taken while a patient sleeps

89
Q

somnus

A

sleep

90
Q

what is the babinski sign

A

test of reflexes on the sole of the foot

91
Q

what is the glasgow coma scale (GCS)

A

numerical scale that measures the depth of a coma

92
Q

what is a lumbar puncture (LP)

A

procedure to obtain CSF for lab testing or test pressure of CSF

93
Q

what is a mini mental state examination

A

tests concrete and abstract thinking and long and short term memory
- if patient can state their name, date, and location they are oriented x3

94
Q

what does high alpha fetoprotein indicate?

A

neural tube defect

95
Q

what is a neurologic examination

A

tests coordination, sensation, balance, and gait

96
Q

what is spinal traction

A

immobilization of fractured spine during healing

97
Q

what is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

A

regular electrical impulses that block the transmission of pain sensations and stimulate production of endorphins

98
Q

what are analgesics

A

take away pain associated with nervous diseases

99
Q

what are antiepileptics

A

prevent seizures associated with epilepsy

100
Q

what are corticosteroids

A

treat inflammation associated with chronic pain and MS

101
Q

what are alzheimers disease drugs

A

inhibit the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

102
Q

what are neuralgia and neuropathy drugs

A

include anticonvulsants, antianxiety drugs, and antidepressants

103
Q

what are parkinson disease drugs

A

stimulate dopamine receptors and inhibit the action of acetylcholine

104
Q

what is an aneurysmectomy

A

removal of aneurysm and repair of the artery

105
Q

what is a biopsy

A

removal of a mass or tumor of the brain or other part of the nervous system

106
Q

what is carotid endarterectomy

A

removal of plaque from within the carotid artery

107
Q

end/o

A

innermost

108
Q

arter/o-

A

artery

109
Q

what is a craniotomy

A

initial incision into the cranium to expose the brain prior to any type of brain surgery

110
Q

what is a diskectomy

A

removal of all or part of a herniated nucleus pulposus from an intervertebral disk

111
Q

what is a laminectomy

A

removal of the lamina to relieve pressure on spinal roots and decrease pain of a herniated nucleus pulposus

112
Q

what is stereotactic neurosurgery

A

use of a 3D coordinate system to pinpoint the location of a deep brain tumor
- heat, cold or gamma rays are then used to destroy the tumor

113
Q

what is a ventriculoperitoneal shunt

A

tube used to remove excess CSF from the ventricles of the brain and transport it to the peritoneal cavity for reabsorption

114
Q

ventricul/o-

A

chamber that is filled

115
Q

peritone/o-

A

peritoneaum

116
Q

AFP

A

alpha fetoprotein

117
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

118
Q

AVM

A

arteriovenous malformation

119
Q

BAEP

A

brainstem auditory evoked potential

120
Q

BAER

A

brainstem auditory evoked response

121
Q

CAT, CT

A

computerized axial tomography

122
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

123
Q

CP

A

cerebral palsy

124
Q

CRPS

A

complex regional pain syndrome

125
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

126
Q

CTS

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

127
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

128
Q

DT

A

delirium tremens

129
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

130
Q

GCS

A

glasgow coma scale

131
Q

HNP

A

herniated nucleus pulposus

132
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

133
Q

LOC

A

loss of consciousness

134
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

135
Q

MMSE

A

mini mental state examination

136
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

137
Q

MS

A

multiple sclerosis

138
Q

NCD

A

neurocognitive disorder

139
Q

NICU

A

neurologic intensive care unit

140
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

141
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement

142
Q

RIND

A

reversible ischemic neurologic deficit

143
Q

SCI

A

spinal cord injury

144
Q

SSEP

A

somatosensory evoked potential

145
Q

SSER

A

somatosensory evoked response

146
Q

TBI

A

traumatic brain injury

147
Q

TENS

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

148
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

149
Q

VEP

A

visual evoked potential

150
Q

VER

A

visual evoked response

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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