Chapter 9 (2) Flashcards
what is anencephaly
congenital condition where all or part of the cranium and cerebrum are missing
an-
without
-cephaly
condition of the brain
what is amnesia
partial or total loss of memory due to damage to the hippocampus
amnes/o
memory loss
-ia
condition of
what is aphasia
loss of the ability to communicate verbally or in writing
what is brain death
irreversible loss of brain function; confirmed by a EEG that is flat and indicating no brain activity for 30 min
what is a brain tumor
benign or malignant tumor in any area of the brain that arise in neuroglia or meninges
what is a astrocytoma
malignant tumor from astrocytes in the cerebrum
what is an ependymoma
benign tumor from ependymal cells in the ventricles and central spinal canal
what is a glioblastoma multiforme
malignant tumor from immature astrocytes in the cerebrum
what is a glioma
benign or malignant tumor from any neuroglial cell
why is a lymphoma
malignant tumor from the microglia in the cerebrum
what is a meningioma
benign tumor from the meninges around the brain or spinal cord
what is an oligodendroglioma
malignant tumor from the oligodendroglia in the cerebrum
what is a schwannoma
benign tumor from the schwann cells that produce myelin near the cranial or spinal nerves
what is cephalalgia
a headache
cephal/o
head
alg/o-
pain
what is cerebral palsy
caused by lack of oxygen to the brain at birth
causes spastic muscles, lack of coordination, paralysis, seizures, and intellectual disability
what is a cerebrovascular accident
disruption or blockage of blood flow to the brain that causes an infarct/stroke
what is a coma
state of deep unconsciousness and unresponsiveness
what is delirium
acute confusion, disorientation, and agitation due to toxic levels of chemicals, drugs, alcohol
what is a concussion
immediate loss of consciousness due to sudden impact of the brain with the cranium
what is a neurocognitive disorder
disease of the brain in which many neurons die, the cerebral cortex shrinks in size, and mental function deteriorates
(dementia)
what are alzheimer, parkinson, and multiple sclerosis examples of
neurocognitive disorder
what is down syndrome
genetic defect created by random error in cell division that causes three copies of chromosome 21 in the genes rather than two copies
what is dyslexia
difficulty reading and writing words
dys-
difficult
lex/o-
word
what is encephalitis
inflammation and infection of the brain caused by a viral infection
what is epilepsy
recurring condition in which groups of neurons in the brain send out abnormal, uncontrolled electrical impulses
what is a tonic-clonic seizure
body alternates between excess muscle tone (tonic) and jerking muscle contractions (clonic)
what is an absence seizure
patient is conscious with slight or no muscle activity
what is a complex partial seizure
patient has some degree of impaired consciousness with some involuntary contractions
what is a simple partial seizure
patient has no impaired consciousness but cannot stop involuntary motor activity
what is hydrocephalus
excessive CSF or blocked CSF flow in the brain that causes increased pressure
hydr/o-
water
-cephalus
head
what is a hematoma
localized collection of blood due to cranial trauma or hemorrhage
what is meningitis
infection and inflammation of the meninges due to bacterium or virus
what is a migraine headache
recurring headache with severe, throbbing pain on one side of the head
what is narcolepsy
brief episodes of involuntarily falling asleep while engaged in daytime activities
narco
to put to sleep
what is parkinson disease
chronic, degenerative disease caused by imbalance in dopamine and acetylcholine levels
what is syncope
temporary loss of consciousness associated with decrease blood flow to brain
what is a neural tube defect
congenital abnormality of the neural tube (an embryonic spinal structure)
what is radiculopathy
acute or chronic condition of pressure and pain on spinal nerve roots
radix
root
what is a spinal cord injury (SCI)
partial or complete transection of the spinal cord
para
abnormal; two parts
pleg/o-
paralysis
quadri-
four
what is anesthesia
loss of sensation of any type; can be temporary or permanent
what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig disease)
chronic, progressive disease of the motor nerves that go from the spinal cord to the muscles
what is bell palsy
weakness, drooping, or paralysis on one side of the face due to facial nerve inflammation (usually temporary)
what is carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
chronic condition caused by repetitive hand and wrist motions
carp/o-
wrist
what is guillain-barre syndrome
autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies against myelin in PNS
what is hyperesthesia
increased sensitivity to touch and pain stimuli
hyper
above normal
esthes/o-
feeling or sensation
what is multiple sclerosis
chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies against myelin in the CNS
what is neuralgia
pain along the path of a nerve and its branches caused by injury
neur/o
nerve
gemin/o-
group
neuritis
infection or inflammation of a nerve
what is polyneuritis
neuritis that affects many nerves
what is a neuroma
benign tumor of a nerve
what is neuropathy
general term for any type of nerve disease
-pathy
disease
what is paresthesia
condition of abnormal tingling or burning sensation of the skin
what is alpha fetoprotein
amniotic fluid test to determine if a fetus has meningocele or meningomyelocele
amni/o-
to prick
cent-
surgical to puncture
how is fluid collected in alpha fetoprotein
amniocentesis
what is CSF examination
visually examines color and clarity of CSF
microscopically examines cells in CSF
chemically tests CSF for proteins
what is cerebral angiography
contrast dye and x rays that outline the arteries of the brain
what is computed axial tomography (CT, CAT)
x ray slices of the cranium, brain, vertebral column, or spinal cord used to create a complete image
what is doppler ultrasonography
high frequency sound waves that produce a two-dimensional image of stenosis, plaque, or turbulence in carotid arteries
what is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic field and radio waves that create image slices of the cranium, brain, vertebral column, and spinal cord to create a full image
what is positron emission tomography (PET)
radioactive glucose that releases positrons that create an image of cellular and metabolic activity
what is a skull x ray
x ray of the skull that uses no contrast dye and shows only bone
what is electroencephalography (EEG)
electrodes placed on head and connected to a machine to record electrical activity of the brain
what is evoked potential testing
EEG and stimulus used to record changes in brain waves
what is a nerve conduction study
two electrodes places at measured intervals used to determine the speed at which an electrical impulse travels along a nerve
what is polysomnography
EEG and eye movement, muscle activity, heartbeat, and respiration measurements taken while a patient sleeps
somnus
sleep
what is the babinski sign
test of reflexes on the sole of the foot
what is the glasgow coma scale (GCS)
numerical scale that measures the depth of a coma
what is a lumbar puncture (LP)
procedure to obtain CSF for lab testing or test pressure of CSF
what is a mini mental state examination
tests concrete and abstract thinking and long and short term memory
- if patient can state their name, date, and location they are oriented x3
what does high alpha fetoprotein indicate?
neural tube defect
what is a neurologic examination
tests coordination, sensation, balance, and gait
what is spinal traction
immobilization of fractured spine during healing
what is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
regular electrical impulses that block the transmission of pain sensations and stimulate production of endorphins
what are analgesics
take away pain associated with nervous diseases
what are antiepileptics
prevent seizures associated with epilepsy
what are corticosteroids
treat inflammation associated with chronic pain and MS
what are alzheimers disease drugs
inhibit the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
what are neuralgia and neuropathy drugs
include anticonvulsants, antianxiety drugs, and antidepressants
what are parkinson disease drugs
stimulate dopamine receptors and inhibit the action of acetylcholine
what is an aneurysmectomy
removal of aneurysm and repair of the artery
what is a biopsy
removal of a mass or tumor of the brain or other part of the nervous system
what is carotid endarterectomy
removal of plaque from within the carotid artery
end/o
innermost
arter/o-
artery
what is a craniotomy
initial incision into the cranium to expose the brain prior to any type of brain surgery
what is a diskectomy
removal of all or part of a herniated nucleus pulposus from an intervertebral disk
what is a laminectomy
removal of the lamina to relieve pressure on spinal roots and decrease pain of a herniated nucleus pulposus
what is stereotactic neurosurgery
use of a 3D coordinate system to pinpoint the location of a deep brain tumor
- heat, cold or gamma rays are then used to destroy the tumor
what is a ventriculoperitoneal shunt
tube used to remove excess CSF from the ventricles of the brain and transport it to the peritoneal cavity for reabsorption
ventricul/o-
chamber that is filled
peritone/o-
peritoneaum
AFP
alpha fetoprotein
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AVM
arteriovenous malformation
BAEP
brainstem auditory evoked potential
BAER
brainstem auditory evoked response
CAT, CT
computerized axial tomography
CNS
central nervous system
CP
cerebral palsy
CRPS
complex regional pain syndrome
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
DT
delirium tremens
EEG
electroencephalogram
GCS
glasgow coma scale
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
ICP
intracranial pressure
LOC
loss of consciousness
LP
lumbar puncture
MMSE
mini mental state examination
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MS
multiple sclerosis
NCD
neurocognitive disorder
NICU
neurologic intensive care unit
PET
positron emission tomography
REM
rapid eye movement
RIND
reversible ischemic neurologic deficit
SCI
spinal cord injury
SSEP
somatosensory evoked potential
SSER
somatosensory evoked response
TBI
traumatic brain injury
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TIA
transient ischemic attack
VEP
visual evoked potential
VER
visual evoked response
