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Medical Terminology > Chapter 10 (4) > Flashcards

Chapter 10 (4) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ur/o-

A

urinary system; urine

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2
Q

what is glomerulonephritis

A

infection and inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney

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3
Q

glomerulo

A

glomerulus

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4
Q

nephro

A

nephron

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5
Q

what is hydronephrosis

A

condition in which urine distends the renal pelvis and calices or ureter

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6
Q

when does hydronephrosis occur

A

when a blood clot, infection, or kidney stone blocks the flow of urine

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7
Q

what is nephrolithiasis

A

formation of a kidney stone in urinary system that can cause severe pain

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8
Q

what is a calculus

A

kidney stone

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9
Q

lith/o

A

stone

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10
Q

-iasis

A

process or state

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11
Q

what is nephropathy

A

any disease of the kidney

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12
Q

what is nephroptosis

A

abnormally low position of a kidney

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13
Q

-ptosis

A

state of drooping

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14
Q

what is polycystic kidney disease

A

hereditary disease characterized by cysts in the kidney

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15
Q

what is pyelonephritis

A

infection and inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney

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16
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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17
Q

what is renal cell cancer

A

cancerous tumor that begins in epithelial cells in tubules of the nephron

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18
Q

what is renal failure

A

disease in which urine production decreases and may even stop

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19
Q

AKI

A

acute kidney injury

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20
Q

CKD

A

chronic kidney disease

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21
Q

what causes AKI

A

trauma, blood loss, overwhelming infection

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22
Q

what causes CKD

A

renal insufficiency progressing to renal failure

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23
Q

what is uremia

A

condition in which there is excessive buildup of urea in the blood due to renal failure

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24
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

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25
Q

what is a urinary tract infection

A

bacterial infection somewhere in urinary tract

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26
Q

what are the two combining forms that mean bladder

A

cyst/o (diseases of bladder)
vesic/o (adj of bladder)

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27
Q

what is bladder cancer

A

presence of cancerous tumor in epithelial cells of bladder

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28
Q

what is cystitis

A

infection or inflammation of the bladder

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29
Q

cyst/o

A

bladder

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30
Q

what is cystocele

A

hernia in which bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or rectum, causing retention of urine inside hernia

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31
Q

-cele

A

hernia

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32
Q

what is incontinence

A

inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder

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33
Q

SUI

A

stress urinary incontinence

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34
Q

what is SUI caused by

A

weak pelvic floor muscles

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35
Q

in-

A

not

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36
Q

contin/o

A

hold together

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37
Q

-ence

A

state

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38
Q

what is neurogenic bladder

A

condition in which nerves to the bladder are not working properly

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39
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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40
Q

gen/o

A

arising from

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41
Q

what is overactive bladder

A

condition in which bladder has too many involuntary contractions resulting in urgency and frequency

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42
Q

what is urinary retention

A

inability to empty the bladder

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43
Q

what is a vesicovaginal fistula

A

abnormal passageway connecting the bladder to the vagina where urine will flow and continually leak out of the body through the vagina

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44
Q

vesici/o

A

bladder

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45
Q

vagin/o

A

vagina

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46
Q

what is urethritis

A

infection or inflammation of the urethra

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47
Q

what is albuminuria

A

presence of albumin in the urine
aka proteinuria

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48
Q

what is anuria

A

complete absence of urine production by the kidneys

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49
Q

an-

A

not

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50
Q

what is bacteriuria

A

presence of bacteria in urine

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51
Q

what is dysuria

A

difficult or painful urination

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52
Q

what is enuresis

A

involuntary release of urine

53
Q

enur/o

A

urinate

54
Q

-esis

A

abnormal

55
Q

what is frequency

A

urinating often usually in small amounts

56
Q

what is glycosuria

A

presence of glucose in the urine

57
Q

glyc/o

A

glucose

58
Q

what is hematuria

A

blood in the urine

59
Q

what is hesitancy

A

inability to initiate a normal stream of urine

60
Q

what is ketonuris

A

presence of ketones in the urine

61
Q

what is nocturia

A

increased frequency and urgency of urination at night

62
Q

noct/o

A

night

63
Q

what is oliguria

A

decreased or scanty production of urine due to kidney failure or dehydration

64
Q

olig/o

A

few or scanty

65
Q

what is polyuria

A

excessive urine production

66
Q

what is pyuria

A

presence of white blood cells or pus in the urine; indicative of UTI

67
Q

py/o

A

pus

68
Q

what is urgency

A

strong urge to urinate

69
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

70
Q

what is a blood urea nitrogen test

A

blood test that measures the amount of urea in blood
- elevated levels mean kidneys are not working properly

71
Q

what is creatinine test

A

blood test that measures amount of creatinine in the blood
- elevated levels mean kidneys are not working properly

72
Q

what is a culture and sensitivity test

A

test in which urine sample is swabbed so that any bacteria present can be identify
bacteria are then tested to determine their sensitivity to various antibiotics

73
Q

C&S

A

culture and sensitivity

74
Q

what is a drug screening

A

urine test performed to evaluate whether an individual is using illegal, addictive, or performance-enhancing drugs

75
Q

what is a leukocyte esterase test

A

quick urine dipstick test that detects the enzyme esterase which is associated with the white blood cells that are present with a UTI

76
Q

what is a urinalysis

A

urine test that describes the general characteristics of a patients urine and detects substances in it

77
Q

UA

A

urinealysis

78
Q

what are the components of a UA

A

color, odor, pH, sediment content, specific gravity
glucose, ketones, RBC, WBC, proteins

79
Q

what does albumin in the urine mean

A

damage to glomerulus

80
Q

what does normal urine look like

A

light yellow to amber in color

81
Q

what does glucose in urine indicate

A

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

82
Q

what do ketones in urine indicate

A

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or malnutrition

83
Q

what does fruity-smelling urine suggest

A

diabetes mellitus

84
Q

what is the normal urine pH

A

slightly alkaline - pH just over 7

85
Q

what do RBC in urine indicate

A

bleeding in urinary tract

86
Q

what can crystals in urine form

A

kidney stones

87
Q

are epithelial cells a normal finding in urine

A

yes because they are continually shed in the urinary tract

88
Q

what is the specific gravity of urine

A

measurement of the concentration of urine as compared to that of water

89
Q

SG, sp gr

A

specific gravity

90
Q

what do the presence of WBC in urine indicate

A

urinary tract infection

91
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelography

92
Q

what is intravenous pyelography

A

radiologic procedure that uses x rays and contrast dye to visualize urinary system

93
Q

what is a kidneys, ureters, bladder x ray

A

x ray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder that shows only those structures and does not use contrast dye

94
Q

KUB

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder

95
Q

what is renal angiography

A

procedure that used x rays and radiopaque contrast dye to produce images of the renal artery

96
Q

what is ultrasonography

A

use of high frequency sound waves to produce an image of urinary system

97
Q

VCUG

A

voiding cystourethrography

98
Q

what is voiding cystourethrography

A

procedure in which contrast dye is inserted into bladder through a catheter

99
Q

what is catheterization

A

insertion of flexible tube through urethra and into bladder to drain urine

100
Q

what is dialysis

A

procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient who is in renal failure

101
Q

dia

A

complete

102
Q

-lysis

A

breakdown

103
Q

I&O

A

intake and output

104
Q

what is intake and output

A

procedure that documents a patients total amount of fluid intake and total amount of fluid output over course of a day

105
Q

what is a urine specimen

A

process of collecting a patients urine for testing

106
Q

what do antibiotics treat

A

treat UTIs caused by bacteria

107
Q

what do antispasmodics do

A

relax smooth muscle in the walls of the urinary tract

108
Q

what do diuretics do

A

block sodium reabsorption in the kidney which decreased blood volume and increases urine volume

109
Q

what do overactive bladder drugs do

A

decrease contractions of smooth muscle in bladder

110
Q

what do potassium supplements do

A

replace potassium that is lost when taking diuretic drugs

111
Q

what do urinary analgesics do

A

relieve pain in the mucosa of the urinary tract

112
Q

what is a bladder neck suspension

A

procedure to correct stress urinary incontinence

113
Q

what is a cystectomy

A

surgical removal of bladder

114
Q

what is cystoscopy

A

use of an instrument called a cystoscope to examine inside of the bladder

115
Q

cysto

A

cystoscopy

116
Q

what is kidney transplantation

A

procedure to treat a patient in end-stage renal failure by transplanting a new kidney from a donor

117
Q

what is a lithotripsy

A

procedure that uses a laser or sound waves to break up a kidney stone

118
Q

-tripsy

A

process of crushing

119
Q

what is a nephrectomy

A

surgical removal of a diseased or cancerous kidney

120
Q

what is a nephrolithotomy

A

procedure in which an endoscope is inserted into kidney through slit in the skin then used to remove a stone embedded in renal pelvis or calices

121
Q

what is nephropexy

A

surgical correction of an abnormally low kidney by suturing it into correct position

122
Q

-pexy

A

fixing in place

123
Q

what is renal biopsy

A

procedure in which a small piece of kidney is removed for microscopic analysis

124
Q

what is stone basketing

A

procedure in which a cystoscope is inserted into the bladder then a wire basket is passed through the scope to grab and remove kidney stones from the bladder

125
Q

what is a urethroplasty

A

plastic surgery procedure to reposition the urethral meatus in male patients

126
Q

-plasty

A

process of reshaping by surgery

127
Q

epi-

A

above

128
Q

spad/o

A

opening

129
Q

TNTC

A

too numerous to count

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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