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Medical Terminology > Chapter 3 (1) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (1) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

define gastroenterology

A

the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system

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2
Q

mechanical digestion

A

breaks up food with physical force and movement

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3
Q

mastication

A

tearing, chewing and grinding of food by the teeth

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4
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing food

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5
Q

peristalsis

A

movement of food via muscular contractions

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6
Q

what is anorexia?

A

decreased appetite

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7
Q

orex/o-

A

appetite

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8
Q

what is dysphagia?

A

difficult or painful eating or swallowing

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9
Q

phag/o-

A

eating or swallowing

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10
Q

what is polyphagia?

A

excessive overeating

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11
Q

what is glossitis?

A

infection or inflammation of the tongue

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12
Q

gloss/o-

A

tongue

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13
Q

what is sialolithiasis?

A

presence of stone in a salivary gland that blocks saliva and causes swelling

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14
Q

sial/o-

A

saliva

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15
Q

lith/o-

A

stone

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16
Q

what is stomatitis?

A

inflammation of the oral mucosa

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17
Q

stomat/o-

A

mouth

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18
Q

what is dyspepsia?

A

epigastric pain; indigestion

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19
Q

peps/o-

A

digestion

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20
Q

what is gastritis?

A

inflammation of the stomach

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21
Q

what is esophageal varix?

A

swollen, protruding vein in the esophageal mucosa

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22
Q

define varix

A

dilated, swollen vein in the mucosa

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23
Q

define gastroenteritis

A

infection or inflammation of the stomach and intestines

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24
Q

define gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

chronic irritation due to reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus; due to failure of esophageal sphincter to close

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25
Q

define pyrosis

A

temporary heartburn; irritation of the esophagus due to reflux of stomach acid

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26
Q

pyr/o-

A

burning, fire

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27
Q

define hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

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28
Q

hemat/o-

A

blood

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29
Q

-emesis

A

vomiting

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30
Q

define nausea & vomiting

A

nausea is unpleasant, queasy feeling in stomach; vomiting is expulsion of stomach contents through mouth

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31
Q

define peptic ulcer disease

A

chronic irritation and erosion of the mucosa due to an ulcer

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32
Q

where can you get a peptic ulcer?

A

stomach, esophagus, duodenum

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33
Q

what causes peptic ulcer disease?

A

main: H. pylori
other causes: HCl, stress and drugs

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34
Q

define adenocarcinoma

A

cancerous tumor of the stomach that begins in the mucosal glands; often caused by H. pylori

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35
Q

aden/o-

A

gland

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36
Q

carcin/o-

A

cancer

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37
Q

define ileus; what does the word ileus mean?

A

absence of normal peristalsis

ileus means to roll; colic

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38
Q

causes of ileus

A

mechanical obstruction, infection, trauma, post-op from surgery

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39
Q

define intussusception

A

telescoping of one intestinal segment inside another

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40
Q

intussuscept/o-

A

receive within

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41
Q

define volvulus / malrotation

A

twisting or rotating of the small intestine

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42
Q

volvere

A

to roll

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43
Q

mal-

A

bad

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44
Q

rotat/o-

A

rotate

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45
Q

define appendicitis

A

inflammation and infection of the appendix

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46
Q

define colon cancer

A

cancerous tumor of the colon that develops when colonic polyps or ulcerative colitis become cancerous

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47
Q

define diverticulum

A

weakness in the colon wall forms a pouch

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48
Q

define diverticulitis

A

inflammation due to feces getting trapped in diverticulum; often causes by low fiber diet

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49
Q

define gluten sensitivity enteropathy

A

celiac disease; autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to gluten, damages small intestine

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50
Q

divert (Latin)

A

deviation

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51
Q

define inflammatory bowel disease

A

chronic inflammation of parts of the small and large intestines

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52
Q

what are two subsets of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Crohn disease: affects ileum and colon
ulcerative colitis: affects colon and rectum; can cause ulcers

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53
Q

define irritable bowel syndrome

A

condition with cramping, pain, diarrhea, bloating, constipation, and excessive mucous but no inflammation

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54
Q

define polyposis

A

numerous polyps: fleshy, benign growths in the mucosa

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55
Q

polyp-

A

polyp

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56
Q

define hemorrhoids

A

swollen, protruding veins in the rectum or anus

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57
Q

hemorrh/o-

A

flowing of blood

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58
Q

-oid

A

resembling

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59
Q

define proctitis

A

inflammation of the rectum due to radiation treatments for cancer

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60
Q

proct/o-

A

rectum and anus

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61
Q

define rectocele

A

hernia in wall of rectum; causes rectal wall to protrude into vaginal wall

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62
Q

rect/o-

A

rectum

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63
Q

-cele

A

hernia

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64
Q

define constipation

A

failure to have regular bowel movements

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65
Q

constip/o-

A

compacted feces

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66
Q

define diarrhea

A

abnormally frequent, loose and watery feces; involves increased peristalsis

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67
Q

dia-

A

through

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68
Q

-rrhea

A

discharge or flow

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69
Q

define flatulence

A

excessive amounts of gas in the stomach or intestines

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70
Q

flatul/o-

A

flatus/gas

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71
Q

-ence

A

state

72
Q

define hematochezia

A

blood in feces

73
Q

chez/o-

A

pass feces

74
Q

define steatorrhea

A

feces that contains undigested fats die to lack of enzyme lipase

75
Q

steat/o-

A

fat

76
Q

define hernia

A

latin for rupture

77
Q

two types of hernia:

A

hiatal hernia: bulging of the stomach through the diaphragm
inguinal hernia: occurs in groin

78
Q

what does bright red blood in the feces indicate

A

lower GI bleed

79
Q

what does melena (dark blood) in the feces indicate?

A

stomach or esophagus bleed

80
Q

define peritonitis

A

inflammation or infection of peritoneum that occurs when the stomach or duodenal wall breaks or the appendix ruptures

81
Q

periton/o-

A

peritoneum

82
Q

what is ascites?

A

accumulation of ascitic fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity (liver isn’t functioning properly)

83
Q

what is cirrhosis?

A

chronic, progressive inflammation and degeneration of the liver

84
Q

cirrh/o-

A

yellow

85
Q

what is hepatomegaly?

A

enlargement of the liver

86
Q

what is hepatitis?

A

infection and inflammation of the liver by the hepatitis virus

87
Q

what is jaundice?

A

yellow discoloration of skin and whites of eyes due to bilirubin in the blood

88
Q

jaund/o-

A

yellow

89
Q

-ice

A

state

90
Q

what is hepatoma?

A

(liver cancer) secondary cancer that began elsewhere and metastasized in the liver

91
Q

bili/o-

A

bile

92
Q

chol/e-

A

bile

93
Q

cholecyst/o-

A

gallbladder

94
Q

cholangi/o-

A

bile duct

95
Q

choledoch/o-

A

common bile duct

96
Q

what is cholangiocarcinoma

A

gallbladder cancer

97
Q

what is cholangitis

A

inflammation of the bile ducts due to cirrhosis or gallstone

98
Q

what is cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder due to blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone

99
Q

what is cholelithiasis?

A

gallstones in the gallbladder

100
Q

what is choledocholithiasis?

A

gallstones in the common bile duct

101
Q

what is adenocarcinoma?

A

pancreatic cancer

102
Q

what is pancreatitis?

A

inflammation or infection of the pancreas

103
Q

what is albumin?

A

major protein molecule in the blood, produced by the liver, low level may indicate liver disease

104
Q

what is culture & sensitivity?

A

fecal test in which bacterial colonies are grown in culture for identification and testing of antibiotics

105
Q

what is a fecal occult blood test?

A

fecal test to determine if non-visible blood is present in feces

106
Q

what is gastric analysis?

A

measures HCl in the stomach; uses nasogastric tube to collect stomach contents

107
Q

what is a liver function test?

A

blood tests giving comprehensive picture of liver function

108
Q

what is ova and parasites?

A

fecal test that determines whether parasites are in the GI system

109
Q

what is a barium enema?

A

x-rays taken after injection with liquid contrast medium barium into the rectum/colon

110
Q

what is a cholangiography?

A

x-ray taken after injection with iodinated contrast dye to outline bile ducts

111
Q

what is computerized axial tomography?

A

x-rays taken in successive slices to create images of abdominal organs and structures

112
Q

what is a flat plate of the abdomen?

A

x-ray taken without contrast dye as the patient lies supine

113
Q

gallbladder ultrasound

A

picture of gallbladder to show wall thickening or stones

114
Q

what is magnetic resonance imaging?

A

images taken in successive slides using strong magnetic field

115
Q

what is an upper gastrointestinal series?

A

continuous, moving x-ray taken after ingestion of liquid barium; visualization of upper GI tract

116
Q

what is a nasogastric tube?

A

tube through nose and into stomach to remove stomach contents or give food/drugs

117
Q

what is an enema?

A

insertion of water tube into rectum to stimulate bowel movement

118
Q

what do antacid drugs do?

A

neutralize stomach acid; treats heartburn

119
Q

what do antibiotic drugs do?

A

treat bacterial infections

120
Q

what do antidiarrheal drugs do?

A

treat diarrhea by slowing down peristalsis to increase water absorption

121
Q

what do antiemetic drugs do?

A

treats nausea and vomiting

122
Q

what to H2 blocker drugs do?

A

block histamine receptors in stomach to treat GERD and PUD

123
Q

what do laxative drugs do?

A

treat constipation by softening feces (pulls water into bowel)

124
Q

what do proton pump inhibitor drugs do?

A

block production of HCl in stomach to treat GERD and PUD (Prilosec)

125
Q

what is abdominocentesis?

A

removal of fluid from abdomen using needle

126
Q

centesis-

A

procedure to puncture

127
Q

what is an appendectomy?

A

removal of infected appendix

128
Q

what is bariatric surgery?

A

surgery for severe obesity that limits food intake and nutrient absorption

129
Q

what is a biopsy?

A

removal of small piece of tissue from an ulcer,polyp, growth; examined for cancerous cells

130
Q

what is bowel resection and anastomosis?

A

removal of a portion of diseased intestine (resection) and joining of the intestine back together (anastomosis)

131
Q

what is a cholecystectomy?

A

removal of the gallbladder

132
Q

what is choledocholithotomy?

A

surgery to make an incision in the common bile duct to remove gallstone

133
Q

what is a colostomy?

A

removal of diseased part of colon and creation of opening in abdominal wall for feces to pass through

134
Q

what is an endoscopy?

A

examination of GI system with a flexible endoscope

135
Q

what is a colonoscopy?

A

process of using an instrument to examine the colon

136
Q

what is an exploratory laparotomy?

A

exploration of abdominopelvic cavity for evidence of disease or trauma

137
Q

what is a gastrectomy?

A

removal of all or part of stomach due to cancer

138
Q

what is gastrostomy?

A

procedure to create opening in the abdominal wall to place a feeding tube

139
Q

-stomy

A

surgically created opening

140
Q

what is hemorrhoidectomy?

A

removal of hemorrhoids from rectum or anus

141
Q

what is a herniorrhaphy?

A

closure (suturing) of defect in abdominal muscle wall where there is a hernia

142
Q

herni/o-

A

hernia

143
Q

-rrhaphy

A

process of suturing

144
Q

what is a jejunostomy?

A

creation of an opening from the abdominal wall into jejunum to insert feeding tube

145
Q

what is liver transplantion

A

removal of severely damaged liver and insertion of donor liver

146
Q

what is a polypectomy?

A

removal of polyps from the colon

147
Q

ABD

A

abdomen

148
Q

ALP

A

alkaline phosphate

149
Q

ALT

A

alanine aminotransferase; alanine transaminase

150
Q

AST

A

aspartate aminotransferase; aspartate transaminase

151
Q

BE

A

barium enema

152
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

153
Q

C&S

A

culture & sensitivity

154
Q

CAT, CT

A

computerized axial tomography

155
Q

CBD

A

common bile duct

156
Q

CLO

A

campylobacter-like organism

157
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

158
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

159
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

160
Q

GGTP, GGT

A

gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

161
Q

GI

A

gastrointestinal

162
Q

HAV

A

hepatitis A virus

163
Q

HBV

A

hepatitis B virus

164
Q

HCV

A

hepatitis C virus

165
Q

IBD

A

inflammatory bowel disease

166
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome

167
Q

LFTs

A

liver function tests

168
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

169
Q

N&V

A

nausea and vomiting

170
Q

NG

A

nasogastric

171
Q

O&P

A

ova and parasites

172
Q

OCG

A

oral cholecystogram; oral cholecystography

173
Q

PEG

A

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

174
Q

PEJ

A

percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy

175
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease

176
Q

UGI

A

upper gastrointestinal (series)

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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