Chapter 8 (2) Flashcards
what is atrophy
loss of bulk in one or more muscles
a-
away from, without
troph/o-
development
what is avulsion
condition which a muscle tears away from a tendon or tendon tears away from a bone
vuls/o-
tear
what is compartment syndrome
severe injury causes bleeding and the fascia acts as a compartment, holding accumulated blood and placing pressure on surrounding tissues
what is a contracture
condition in which a muscle becomes progressively more flexed and eventually sticks in immovable position
what is fibromyalgia
condition associated with pain at specific trigger points in the muscles of the neck, hips, and back
fibr/o-
fiber
my/o-
muscle
alg/o-
pain
what is a hyperextension/hyperflexion injury
injury that occurs when a person’s head snaps backward and then forward in response to a sudden change in speed (whiplash)
what is a muscle contusion
bleeding inside a muscle due to blunt trauma; bruise
contus/o-
bruise
what is a muscle spasm
muscle involuntary contracts; muscle cramp
what is a muscle spasm of the neck called
torticollis
tort/i-
twisted
-collis
condition of the neck
what is a muscle strain
overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon; pulled muscle
what is muscular dystrophy
mutation in gene encoding for dystrophin; without dystrophin -> atrophy of muscles (Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy)
what is myalgia
pain in muscle due to injury or disease
polymyalgia
pain in several muscles
what is myopathy
general category including many muscle diseases
what is myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disorder in which body produces antibodies against Ach receptors on the muscle fibers
what is blepharoptosis
droopy eyelid; sign of myasthenia gravis
what is myositis
inflammation of a muscle
polymyositis
widespread inflammation with weakness and fatigue
what is a repetitive strain injury
injury to muscles, tendons, and/or nerves resulting from repetitive movements; carpal tunnel syndrome
what is rhabdomyoma
benign tumor of the muscle
rhabd/o-
rod shaped
what is rhabdomyosarcoma
cancerous tumor of the muscle; usually found in children and young adults
what is a rotator cuff tear
a tear in one of the rotator muscles of the shoulder that surround the humerus
what is ataxia
incoordination of the muscles during movement, especially when walking
what is bradykinesia
abnormally slow muscle movements; usually associated with parkinson’s
brady-
slow
kines/o-
movement
what is dyskinesia
abnormal motions that occur because of difficulty controlling voluntary muscles (tics, spasms, jerks)
dys-
abnormal
what is hyperkinesis
an abnormally increased amount of muscle movements
what is restless leg syndrome
uncomfortable restlessness and twitching of leg muscles along with tingling, aching, crawling-insect sensations
what is a tremor
involuntary, back-and-forth movements of the hands, jaw, extremities that are continuous and cannot be controlled
what is bursitis
inflammation of the bursal sac due to repetitive muscle contractions or pressure on bone underneath the bursa
what is dupuytren contracture
progressive disease in which thickening and shortening of the fascia in the palm causes a contracture and flexion deformity of the finger
what is epicondylitis
inflammation of muscles and tendons that originate on the bone protrusion on either side of the distal humerus
common name from lateral epicondylitis
tennis elbow
common name for medial epicondylitis
golfer’s elbow; pitcher’s elbow
what is fasciitis
inflammation of the fascia around a muscle
where is plantar fasciitis
bottom of the foot
fasci/o-
fascia
what is a ganglion
semisolid or fluid-containing cyst that grows on a tendon
what are shin splints
pain and inflammation of the tendons and flexor muscles over the shin due to overuse
what is tendinitis
inflammation of any tendon due to injury or overuse
what is rhabdomyolysis
condition where skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly, releasing breakdown products into blood
signs and symptoms of rhabdomyolysis
muscle pain and weakness, dark urine
what is the acetylcholine receptor antibody test
detects antibodies against acetylcholine receptors; used to diagnose myasthenia gravis
what is electromyography
procedure in which a needle electrode is inserted into a muscle to record the electrical activity
what is electromyography used to diagnose
muscle or nerve diseases
electr/o-
electricity
-graphy
process of recording
what does a brace do
supports and straightens a body part while permitting movement
another name for brace
orthosis
what is an adaptive or assistive device
device that increases mobility and independence by helping patients perform activities of daily living
what is deep tendon reflexes
procedure that tests whether the muscular-nervous pathway is functioning normally
what is deep tendon reflexes also known as
knee-jerk test or patellar reflex test
what is a muscle strength test
physician presses against part of patients body and asks patient not to let them move that part
what are rehabilitation exercises
exercises included in a physical therapy rehabilitation plan to help increase muscle strength and improve coordination
what is the RICE treatment for minor injuries
r= rest
i= ice
c= compression
e= elevation
what are trigger point injections
procedure to treat fibromyalgia; decrease pain and inflammation
what do analgesics treat
muscle pain
an-
without
alges/o-
sensation of pain
what do beta-blockers do
relieve tremors by blocking epinephrine
what do corticosteroids do
decrease severe inflammation
what do dopamine stimulants treat
restless leg syndrome
what do drugs for fibromyalgia do
relieve pain and relax muscles
what do drugs for myasthenia gravis do
inhibit the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine; allows Ach to continue to activate remaining receptors
what do muscle relaxants do
relieve muscle spasm and stiffness
what can muscle relaxants treat
multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy
what do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do
decrease mild to moderate inflammation and pain
what do NSAIDs treat?
muscle strains, tendinitis, bursitis, muscle overuse
what is a fasciectomy
procedure to partially or totally remove the fascia
what does a fasciectomy treat
Dupuytren contracture
what is a fasciotomy? what does it treat?
procedure to cut the fascia and release pressure from built up blood and tissue in a patient with compartment syndrome
what is a ganglionectomy
procedure to remove a ganglion from a tendon
what is a muscle biopsy
removing a small amount of muscle tissue to diagnose potential causes of muscle weakness
what is myorrhaphy
procedure to suture together a torn muscle after injury
what is tenorrhpahy
procedure to suture together a torn tendon after injury
ten/o-
tendon
-rrhaphy
procedure of suturing
ADA
Americans with Disabilities Act
ADLs
activities of daily living
CPK-MM
creatine phosphokinase-MM
DTRs
deep tendon reflexes
EMG
electromyography ; electromyogram
IM
intramuscular
LLE
left lower extremity
LUE
left upper extremity
MD
muscular dystrophy
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ortho
orthopedics
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OT
occupational therapist; occupational therapy
PM&R
physical medicine and rehabilitation
PT
physical therapy; physical therapist
rehab
rehabilitation
RLE
right lower extremity
ROM
range of motion
RSI
repetitive strain injury
RUE
right upper extremity
