Chapter 6 (3) Flashcards
define hematology
medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the blood
define immunology
medical specialty of the lymphatic system and immune response
what is hemorrhage
loss of a large amount of blood due to disease or injury; injury often arterial
hem/o -
blood
-rrhage
excessive discharge/ flow
what is septicemia
severe bacterial infection that spreads from tissue to blood and affects the entire body
what is sepsis the result of
septicemia
septic/o-
infection
-emia
condition of the blood
what is anemia
decrease in the number of erythrocytes
causes of anemia
insufficient consumption of iron, red bone marrow damage from cancer, radiation, therapy or chemo, excessive bleed loss due to hemorrhage, menstruation or chronic bleeding
an-
not, without
what does iron-deficiency anemia result in
lower oxygen delivery to tissues due to insuffficient hemoglobin
what are microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes characteristic of?
iron deficiency anemia
micr/o-
small
cyt/o-
cell
hypo-
below
chrom/o-
color
what is pernicious anemia
occurs when there is too little vitamin B12 in diet or stomach does not absorb B12, which is needed for red blood cell production
what is sickle cell anemia
occurs when here is an inherited genetic abnormality of an amino acid in hemoglobin
what causes abnormal hemoglobin to crystallize
low oxygen or dehydration
what happens when RBCs sickle?
blocks blood flow through vessels, may cause severe pain or stroke
characteristics of sickle RBCs
fragile, only survive 10-20 days
what is a transfusion reaction
reaction that occurs when a patient is given a transfusion of the wrong blood type
what happens to donor erythrocytes during a transfusion reaction
recipient antibodies attack antigens on donor erythrocytes, causing them to undergo hemolysis
lysis
destroy
trans-
across
fus/o-
pouring
-ion
condition
Which blood type is universal donor
O-
can a person with type O blood receive type A blood
No
can a person with AB blood receive B blood
Yes
what is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
severe infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which infects helper T cells
what is leukemia
cancer of the lymphocytes with excessive numbers of immature leukocytes in red marrow
what does leukemia lead to
anemia, hemorrhage, increased susceptibility to infection, easy bruising
leuk/o-
white
what is mononucleosis
infectious disease caused by EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) that causes lymph node enlargement, fever, and fatigue
mon/o-
one
nucle/o-
nucleus
-osis
abnormal condition
what cells are crucial for blood clotting
thrombocytes
what is deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
a thrombus (blood clot) that forms in a deep vein of the lower leg
when may DVT occur
post surgery (time periods of bed rest or immobilization)
what is hemophilia
inherited genetic condition that causes a deficiency of clotting factor
consequences of hemophilia
injured patients bleed for long periods of time, minor injuries can cause external or internal bleeding
phil/o-
fondness for
-ia
condition
what is thrombocytopenia
deficiency in the number of thrombocytes due to radiation, chemicals, or drugs that damage marrow
thromb/o-
blood clot
cyt/o-
cell
-penia
condition of deficiency
what is graft vs host disease (GVHD)
immune reaction of donor tissue against the recipient
when may GVHD occur
after bone marrow transplant
what is lymphadenopathy
enlargement of the lymph nodes that can be felt in the neck, armpit, or groin
what is lympedema
generalized swelling in the limb after removal of lymph nodes; tissue fluid cannot drain like normal
what is elephantiasis
lymphedema caused by a parasite
what is a lymphoma
cancerous tumor of lymph cells, nodes, or tissues
what is splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen that is felt by palpating
splen/o-
spleen
-megaly
enlargement
what is a thymoma
tumor of the thymus gland that is usually benign; often occurs with autoimmune diseases
what does type 1 diabetes affect
pancreas
what does Grave’s disease affect
thyroid
what does Hashimoto’s thyroiditis affect
thyroid
what does gluten sensitivity enteropathy affect
intestines
what does inflammatory bowel affect
intestines
what does multiple sclerosis affect
nerves
what does myasthenia gravis affect
muscles
what does psoriasis affect
skin
what does scleroderma affect
skin and blood vessels
what does vitiligo affect
skin
what does rheumatoid arthritis affect
joints
what does systemic lupus erythematosus affect
connective tissue, skin, kidneys, lungs
what is a blood smear
blood smeared on glass slide and hematoxylin and eosin dyes are applied
when is a blood smear performed
as a follow up to a complete blood count (CBC)
what is type and crossmatch
determines ABO blood type and Rh factor of recipient and donor blood
what does agglutination mean
two blood types are not compatible
ad-
to
glutin
stick together
what is a complete blood count
group of blood tests performed together to determine number, type, and characteristics of formed elements
what two factors does the CBC account for
hematocrit and hemoglobin
what is a coagulation time test
measure the length of time it takes blood to clot
what are the results of a coagulation time test reported as
international normalized ratio (INR), no matter the test type
what is blood chemistries
measure the levels of substances in the blood (electrolytes, albumin, bilirubin, glucose, LDL, uric acid, creatinine)
what is ferritin
indirectly measures the amount of iron stored in the body by measuring the amount present in the blood
what does ferritin detect
iron deficiency anemia
what is blood donation
procedure in which a unit of whole blood is collected from a donor
what is blood transfusion
procedure in which donor blood is given to a recipient
what does whole blood correct
blood loss
what do packed red blood cells do
avoid fluid overload
when are platelets given
thrombocytopenia or cancer
when is plasma given
patients w hemophilia
what is autologous blood transfusion
reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient
what is a phlebotomy
procedure to make a small hole in the vein and collect a blood sample with a vacuum tube
phleb/o-
vein
-tomy
process of cutting or making an incision
what is plasmapheresis
procedure that separates a unit of donated blood into red blood cells and plasma
what is vaccination
injection of dead or weakened pathogen that enables the body to create antibodies and memory cells to convey protection on later exposure
what do anticoagulants do
prevent blood clots by inhibiting clotting factors
what do corticosteroids do
suppress immune response to decrease inflammation and organ rejection
what do erythropoietin drugs do
stimulate red bone marrow to make erythrocytes
erythro-
red
poiesis
to make
what do immunosuppressant drugs due
suppress immune system to prevent organ rejection
what do nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs do
retroviral drug for the treatment of HIV
what is bone marrow aspiration
aspiration and removal of the red bone marrow from the hip bone
why is bone marrow aspiration done
to diagnose and monitor leukemia or to harvest donor marrow
what is a lymph node biopsy
removal of tissue from a lymph node using a fine needle to test for cancer cells in the node
what is a stem cell (or bone marrow) transplant
transplantation of red bone marrow
what is a lymph node dissection
separation of lymph nodes from the surrounding tissue and removal of nodes from a chain; done to look for cancer metastasis
what is a splenectomy
removal of the spleen after rupture or accident
what is a thymectomy
removal of the thymus because of benign tumor, cancerous tumor, or myasthenia gravis
thym/o-
thymus
-ectomy
surgical removal
ACT
activated clotting time
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
CBC
complete blood count
DVT
deep venous thrombosis
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
H&H
hemoglobin and hematocrit
HCT
hematocrit
Hgb
Hemoglobin
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HLA
human leukocyte antigen
INR
international normalized ratio
lymphs
lymphocytes
mono
mononucleosis
monos
monocytes
PRBCs
packed red blood cells
RBC
red blood cell
WBC
white blood cell
