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Medical Terminology > Chapter 6 (3) > Flashcards

Chapter 6 (3) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

define hematology

A

medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the blood

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2
Q

define immunology

A

medical specialty of the lymphatic system and immune response

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3
Q

what is hemorrhage

A

loss of a large amount of blood due to disease or injury; injury often arterial

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4
Q

hem/o -

A

blood

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5
Q

-rrhage

A

excessive discharge/ flow

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6
Q

what is septicemia

A

severe bacterial infection that spreads from tissue to blood and affects the entire body

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7
Q

what is sepsis the result of

A

septicemia

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8
Q

septic/o-

A

infection

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9
Q

-emia

A

condition of the blood

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10
Q

what is anemia

A

decrease in the number of erythrocytes

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11
Q

causes of anemia

A

insufficient consumption of iron, red bone marrow damage from cancer, radiation, therapy or chemo, excessive bleed loss due to hemorrhage, menstruation or chronic bleeding

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12
Q

an-

A

not, without

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13
Q

what does iron-deficiency anemia result in

A

lower oxygen delivery to tissues due to insuffficient hemoglobin

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14
Q

what are microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes characteristic of?

A

iron deficiency anemia

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15
Q

micr/o-

A

small

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16
Q

cyt/o-

A

cell

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17
Q

hypo-

A

below

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18
Q

chrom/o-

A

color

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19
Q

what is pernicious anemia

A

occurs when there is too little vitamin B12 in diet or stomach does not absorb B12, which is needed for red blood cell production

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20
Q

what is sickle cell anemia

A

occurs when here is an inherited genetic abnormality of an amino acid in hemoglobin

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21
Q

what causes abnormal hemoglobin to crystallize

A

low oxygen or dehydration

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22
Q

what happens when RBCs sickle?

A

blocks blood flow through vessels, may cause severe pain or stroke

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23
Q

characteristics of sickle RBCs

A

fragile, only survive 10-20 days

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24
Q

what is a transfusion reaction

A

reaction that occurs when a patient is given a transfusion of the wrong blood type

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25
Q

what happens to donor erythrocytes during a transfusion reaction

A

recipient antibodies attack antigens on donor erythrocytes, causing them to undergo hemolysis

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26
Q

lysis

A

destroy

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27
Q

trans-

A

across

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28
Q

fus/o-

A

pouring

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29
Q

-ion

A

condition

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30
Q

Which blood type is universal donor

A

O-

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31
Q

can a person with type O blood receive type A blood

A

No

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32
Q

can a person with AB blood receive B blood

A

Yes

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33
Q

what is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

severe infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which infects helper T cells

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34
Q

what is leukemia

A

cancer of the lymphocytes with excessive numbers of immature leukocytes in red marrow

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35
Q

what does leukemia lead to

A

anemia, hemorrhage, increased susceptibility to infection, easy bruising

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36
Q

leuk/o-

A

white

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37
Q

what is mononucleosis

A

infectious disease caused by EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) that causes lymph node enlargement, fever, and fatigue

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38
Q

mon/o-

A

one

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39
Q

nucle/o-

A

nucleus

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40
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

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41
Q

what cells are crucial for blood clotting

A

thrombocytes

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42
Q

what is deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

A

a thrombus (blood clot) that forms in a deep vein of the lower leg

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43
Q

when may DVT occur

A

post surgery (time periods of bed rest or immobilization)

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44
Q

what is hemophilia

A

inherited genetic condition that causes a deficiency of clotting factor

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45
Q

consequences of hemophilia

A

injured patients bleed for long periods of time, minor injuries can cause external or internal bleeding

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46
Q

phil/o-

A

fondness for

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47
Q

-ia

A

condition

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48
Q

what is thrombocytopenia

A

deficiency in the number of thrombocytes due to radiation, chemicals, or drugs that damage marrow

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49
Q

thromb/o-

A

blood clot

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50
Q

cyt/o-

A

cell

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51
Q

-penia

A

condition of deficiency

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52
Q

what is graft vs host disease (GVHD)

A

immune reaction of donor tissue against the recipient

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53
Q

when may GVHD occur

A

after bone marrow transplant

54
Q

what is lymphadenopathy

A

enlargement of the lymph nodes that can be felt in the neck, armpit, or groin

55
Q

what is lympedema

A

generalized swelling in the limb after removal of lymph nodes; tissue fluid cannot drain like normal

56
Q

what is elephantiasis

A

lymphedema caused by a parasite

57
Q

what is a lymphoma

A

cancerous tumor of lymph cells, nodes, or tissues

58
Q

what is splenomegaly

A

enlargement of the spleen that is felt by palpating

59
Q

splen/o-

A

spleen

60
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

61
Q

what is a thymoma

A

tumor of the thymus gland that is usually benign; often occurs with autoimmune diseases

62
Q

what does type 1 diabetes affect

A

pancreas

63
Q

what does Grave’s disease affect

A

thyroid

64
Q

what does Hashimoto’s thyroiditis affect

A

thyroid

65
Q

what does gluten sensitivity enteropathy affect

A

intestines

66
Q

what does inflammatory bowel affect

A

intestines

67
Q

what does multiple sclerosis affect

A

nerves

68
Q

what does myasthenia gravis affect

A

muscles

69
Q

what does psoriasis affect

A

skin

70
Q

what does scleroderma affect

A

skin and blood vessels

71
Q

what does vitiligo affect

A

skin

72
Q

what does rheumatoid arthritis affect

A

joints

73
Q

what does systemic lupus erythematosus affect

A

connective tissue, skin, kidneys, lungs

74
Q

what is a blood smear

A

blood smeared on glass slide and hematoxylin and eosin dyes are applied

75
Q

when is a blood smear performed

A

as a follow up to a complete blood count (CBC)

76
Q

what is type and crossmatch

A

determines ABO blood type and Rh factor of recipient and donor blood

77
Q

what does agglutination mean

A

two blood types are not compatible

78
Q

ad-

A

to

79
Q

glutin

A

stick together

80
Q

what is a complete blood count

A

group of blood tests performed together to determine number, type, and characteristics of formed elements

81
Q

what two factors does the CBC account for

A

hematocrit and hemoglobin

82
Q

what is a coagulation time test

A

measure the length of time it takes blood to clot

83
Q

what are the results of a coagulation time test reported as

A

international normalized ratio (INR), no matter the test type

84
Q

what is blood chemistries

A

measure the levels of substances in the blood (electrolytes, albumin, bilirubin, glucose, LDL, uric acid, creatinine)

85
Q

what is ferritin

A

indirectly measures the amount of iron stored in the body by measuring the amount present in the blood

86
Q

what does ferritin detect

A

iron deficiency anemia

87
Q

what is blood donation

A

procedure in which a unit of whole blood is collected from a donor

88
Q

what is blood transfusion

A

procedure in which donor blood is given to a recipient

89
Q

what does whole blood correct

A

blood loss

90
Q

what do packed red blood cells do

A

avoid fluid overload

91
Q

when are platelets given

A

thrombocytopenia or cancer

92
Q

when is plasma given

A

patients w hemophilia

93
Q

what is autologous blood transfusion

A

reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient

94
Q

what is a phlebotomy

A

procedure to make a small hole in the vein and collect a blood sample with a vacuum tube

95
Q

phleb/o-

A

vein

96
Q

-tomy

A

process of cutting or making an incision

97
Q

what is plasmapheresis

A

procedure that separates a unit of donated blood into red blood cells and plasma

98
Q

what is vaccination

A

injection of dead or weakened pathogen that enables the body to create antibodies and memory cells to convey protection on later exposure

99
Q

what do anticoagulants do

A

prevent blood clots by inhibiting clotting factors

100
Q

what do corticosteroids do

A

suppress immune response to decrease inflammation and organ rejection

101
Q

what do erythropoietin drugs do

A

stimulate red bone marrow to make erythrocytes

102
Q

erythro-

A

red

103
Q

poiesis

A

to make

104
Q

what do immunosuppressant drugs due

A

suppress immune system to prevent organ rejection

105
Q

what do nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs do

A

retroviral drug for the treatment of HIV

106
Q

what is bone marrow aspiration

A

aspiration and removal of the red bone marrow from the hip bone

107
Q

why is bone marrow aspiration done

A

to diagnose and monitor leukemia or to harvest donor marrow

108
Q

what is a lymph node biopsy

A

removal of tissue from a lymph node using a fine needle to test for cancer cells in the node

109
Q

what is a stem cell (or bone marrow) transplant

A

transplantation of red bone marrow

110
Q

what is a lymph node dissection

A

separation of lymph nodes from the surrounding tissue and removal of nodes from a chain; done to look for cancer metastasis

111
Q

what is a splenectomy

A

removal of the spleen after rupture or accident

112
Q

what is a thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus because of benign tumor, cancerous tumor, or myasthenia gravis

113
Q

thym/o-

A

thymus

114
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical removal

115
Q

ACT

A

activated clotting time

116
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

117
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

118
Q

DVT

A

deep venous thrombosis

119
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

120
Q

ELISA

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay

121
Q

H&H

A

hemoglobin and hematocrit

122
Q

HCT

A

hematocrit

123
Q

Hgb

A

Hemoglobin

124
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

125
Q

HLA

A

human leukocyte antigen

126
Q

INR

A

international normalized ratio

127
Q

lymphs

A

lymphocytes

128
Q

mono

A

mononucleosis

129
Q

monos

A

monocytes

130
Q

PRBCs

A

packed red blood cells

131
Q

RBC

A

red blood cell

132
Q

WBC

A

white blood cell

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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