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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5 (3) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (3) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is acute coronary syndrome

A

a condition that occurs if the flow of oxygenated blood through a coronary artery is limited by a clot or atherosclerosis

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2
Q

what is ischemia

A

blocking of blood flow

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3
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by ischemia

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4
Q

angin/o-

A

strangling

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5
Q

pector/o-

A

chest

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6
Q

what is cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart, usually due to congestive heart failure

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7
Q

cardi/o-

A

heart

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8
Q

-megaly

A

englargement

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9
Q

what is cardiomyopathy

A

condition of the heart muscle that includes cardiomegaly and heart failure

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10
Q

my/o-

A

muscle

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11
Q

-pathy

A

disease

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12
Q

what is congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood

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13
Q

what is endocarditis

A

infection and inflammation of the endocardium that lines a heart valve
- occurs in patients who have a structural defect of the valve

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14
Q

end/o

A

innermost, within

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15
Q

-itis

A

infection/inflammation

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16
Q

what is a mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

structural abnormality in which the leaflets of the mitral valve do not close tightly
- can be congenital or result of infection

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17
Q

what is a murmur

A

an abnormal heart sound that is heard as blood leaks through a defective valve; described by volume and its sound

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18
Q

what is a myocardial infarction (MI)

A

death of tissue in the myocardium due to severe lack of oxygen (heart attack)

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19
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

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20
Q

what is pericarditis

A

infection or inflammation of the pericardial sac

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21
Q

peri-

A

around

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22
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

an area of dilation and weakness in the wall of an artery

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23
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

a progressive degenerative disease that produces narrowed, hardened artery walls

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24
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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25
Q

scler/o-

A

hardening

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26
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

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27
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

fatty deposits in the walls of arteries that can restrict blood flow

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28
Q

ather/o

A

soft, fatty substance

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29
Q

what is coronary artery disease

A

arteriosclerosis that occurs in the coronary arteries

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30
Q

what is hyperlipidemia

A

presence of elevated fat levels in the blood

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31
Q

what is hypercholesterolemia

A

high cholesterol levels

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32
Q

what is hypertriglyceridemia

A

high triglyceride levels

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33
Q

what is hypertension (HTN)

A

elevated blood pressure of greater than 120/80 mmHg

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34
Q

tens/o

A

pressure

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35
Q

what is hypotension

A

decreased blood pressure of less than 90/60 mmHg that is usually caused by a loss of blood pressure

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36
Q

what is peripheral artery disease

A

arteriosclerosis in the legs that may cause intermittent calf pain and cyanosis of the toes and feet

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37
Q

what is phlebitis

A

infection or inflammation of a vein

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38
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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39
Q

what does thrombophlebitis involve

A

presence of a clot

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40
Q

what is raynaud disease

A

sudden severe vasoconstriction of arterioles in the fingers or toes causing them to turn white or cyanotic

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41
Q

what are varicose veins

A

condition in which damaged valves in a vein allow the backflow of blood, causing the vein to become distended and twisted

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42
Q

varic/o

A

enlarged, tortuous vein

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43
Q

what is arrhythmia

A

any type of irregular rate or rhythm of the heart

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44
Q

what is bradycardia

A

an arrhythmia in which the heart beats too slowly

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45
Q

a-

A

without

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46
Q

rrhythm/o-

A

rhythm

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47
Q

-ia

A

condition

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48
Q

brady-

A

slow

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49
Q

what is fibrillation

A

an arrhythmia in which there is a very fast, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium

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50
Q

fibrill/o-

A

muscle or nerve fiber

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51
Q

-ation

A

process

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52
Q

what is a flutter

A

arrhythmia that involves a very fast but regular rhythm of the atria or ventricles (up to 250 bpm)

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53
Q

what is tachycardia

A

arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm (up to 200 bpm)

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54
Q

tachy-

A

fast

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55
Q

what is asystole

A

complete absence of a heartbeat
aka cardiac arrest

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56
Q

-systole

A

process of contraction

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57
Q

what is a cardiac enzyme test

A

blood test that measures levels of two enzymes released when myocardial cells die

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58
Q

what is a c-reactive protein test

A

blood test that measures the level of inflammation in the body

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59
Q

what is a homocysteine test

A

blood test that measures levels of the amino acid homocysteine

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60
Q

what does elevated levels of homocysteine increase risk of

A

arteriosclerosis, clots, heart attack, stroke

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61
Q

what is a lipid profile test

A

blood test that measures levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins

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62
Q

what is a troponin test

A

blood test that measures levels of two proteins released when myocardial cells die
(troponin levels rise 4-6 hrs after MI and remain elevated for 1-2 weeks)

63
Q

what is a cardiac catheterization

A

procedure to study anatomy and pressures in the heart

64
Q

catheter/o

A

catheter

65
Q

-ization

A

process of inserting or creating

66
Q

what is a cardiac exercise stress test

A

procedure to evaluate the heart’s response to exercise in patients with chest pain, palpitations, or arrhythmias

67
Q

what is electrocardiography

A

procedure that records the hearts electrical activity

68
Q

electro

A

electricity

69
Q

what is a holter monitor

A

procedure to document infrequent arrhythmias

70
Q

what is telemetry

A

procedure to monitor the patient’s heart rate and rhythm in the hospital

71
Q

tele-/o

A

distance

72
Q

-metry

A

measuring

73
Q

what is an angiography

A

procedure in which contrast dye is injected into a blood vessel to outline it on an x ray
- resulting image is an angiogram

74
Q

what is echocardiography

A

procedure in which ultra high frequency sound waves are bounced off the heart to create an image called an echocardiogram

75
Q

ech/o-

A

echo of a sound wave

76
Q

what is auscultation

A

use of a stethoscope to listen to the heart sounds

77
Q

auscult/o

A

aus

78
Q

what is a blood pressure reading

A

one of the four vital signs; is measured with a sphygmomanometer

79
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

80
Q

man/o

A

frenzy, thing

81
Q

what is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

emergency lifesaving procedure to circulate the blood after a persons heart has stopped beating

82
Q

what is cardioversion

A

procedure to treat arrhythmias that involves administering an electric shock to restore the heart to a normal rhythm

83
Q

vers/o

A

turn

84
Q

what is used during a cardioversion

A

automatic external defibrillator (AED)

85
Q

de-

A

reversal of

86
Q

fibrill/o

A

muscle or nerve fiber

87
Q

-ator

A

thing that does or produces

88
Q

what is pulse rate

A

one of the four vital signs; measured by feeling the patients pulse and counting the number of bpm

89
Q

what is a pulse point

A

location where a pulse can be felt

90
Q

what are antiarrhythmics

A

treat arrhythmias

91
Q

what are anticoagulants

A

prevent blood clot formation in patients with arteriosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, previous MI, or artificial heart valves

92
Q

what are antihypertensives

A

treat hypertension

93
Q

what is aspirin

A

drug that prevents heart attacks by keeping platelets from sticking together to form clots

94
Q

what are beta-blockers

A

treat angina pectoris and hypertension by blocking beta receptors, which decreases heart rate and dilates the arteries

95
Q

what are calcium channel blockers

A

treat angina pectoris and hypertension by blocking the movement of calcium ions, which decreases heart rate and blood pressure

96
Q

what are diuretics

A

water pills; decrease blood pressure by increasing sodium and water excretion in the urine

97
Q

what are lipid lowering drugs

A

treat high cholesterol levels (statins)

98
Q

what are nitroglycerin drugs

A

treat angina pectoris by dilating the arteries to decrease blood pressure

99
Q

what are thrombolytics

A

drugs used to break apart clots that are blocking blood flow through an artery

100
Q

what is an aneurysmectomy

A

procedure to remove an aneurysm and repair the artery

101
Q

what is cardiopulmonary bypass

A

technique used during open heart surgery in which the patients blood is temporarily rerouted to a heart-lung machine

102
Q

what is a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

procedure to bypass an occluded coronary artery and restore blood flow to the heart muscle

103
Q

what is heart transplantation

A

procedure to remove a severely damaged heart from a patient with end-stage heart failure and insert a new heart from a donor who has recently died

104
Q

what is the difference between thrombus and embolus

A

thrombus: stationary
embolus: moved to new location

105
Q

what is a pacemaker insertion

A

procedure in which an automated device is implanted to control heart rate and rhythm in a patient with arrhythmia

106
Q

what is a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

procedure to reconstruct a coronary artery that is narrowed due to atherosclerosis

107
Q

ACE

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme

108
Q

AED

A

automatic external defibrillator

109
Q

AI

A

aortic insufficiency; apical impulse

110
Q

ASCVD

A

arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease

111
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular

112
Q

BP

A

blood pressure

113
Q

bpm

A

beats per minute

114
Q

Ca++

A

calcium ion

115
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

116
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

117
Q

CCU

A

coronary care unit

118
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

119
Q

CK-MB

A

creatine kinase

120
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

121
Q

CV

A

cardiovascular

122
Q

DNR

A

do not resuscitate

123
Q

ECG

A

electrocardiogram; electrocardiography

124
Q

EKG

A

electrocardiogram; electrocardiography

125
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoprotein

126
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

127
Q

K+

A

potassium ion

128
Q

LA

A

left atrium

129
Q

LDH

A

lactate dehydrogenase

130
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein

131
Q

LV

A

left ventricle

132
Q

LVAD

A

left ventricular assist device

133
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

134
Q

mmHg

A

millimeters of mercury

135
Q

MUGA

A

multiple gated acquisition (scan)

136
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

137
Q

Na+

A

sodium ion

138
Q

NSR

A

normal sinus rhythm

139
Q

P

A

pulse (rate)

140
Q

PAC

A

premature atrial contraction

141
Q

PMI

A

point of maximum impulse

142
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

143
Q

RA

A

right atrium

144
Q

RV

A

right ventricle

145
Q

S1

A

first heart sound

146
Q

S2

A

second heart sound

147
Q

SA

A

sinoatrial

148
Q

SBE

A

subacute bacterial endocarditis

149
Q

TEE

A

transesophageal echocardiogram
transesophageal echocardiography

150
Q

TPR

A

temperature, pulse, and respirations

151
Q

V fib

A

ventricular fibrillation

152
Q

V tach

A

ventricular tachycardia

153
Q

VLDL

A

very low density lipoprotein

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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