Chapter 13 (4) Flashcards
what is hyperpituitarism
general term for hypersecretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary
what is hypopituatirism
general term for hyposecretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary
what is galactorrhea
hypersecretion of prolactin due to an adenoma in anterior pituitary; results in milk production
what is failure of lactation
hyposecretion of prolactin due to a defect in the anterior pituitary gland
what is gigantism
condition in which hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty causes excessive growth of bones and tissues
what is acromegaly
condition in which hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood causes a person’s facial features to widen and enlarge
what is dwarfism
condition in which hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty causes lack of growth and short stature
what is syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
condition in which hypersecretion of ADH causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption; results in diluted blood
what is diabetes insipidus
condition in which hyposecretion of ADH causes the kidneys to decrease reabsorption of water; leads to polyuria and polydipsia
what is uterine inertia
condition in which hyposecretion of oxytocin causes weak and uncoordinated uterine contractions during childbirth
what is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
condition in which decreased hours of sunlight during fall and winter lead to hypersecretion of melatonin accompanied by a decrease in serotonin levels; symptoms include depression
what is hyperthyroidism
condition in which the thyroid gland secretes too much T3 and T4
what is exopthalmos
bulging eyes
what is the most common hyperthyroidism
Grave’s disease
what is a goiter
chronic, progressive enlargement of the thyroid gland; also known as thyromegaly
what does too little iodine in the diet lead to
a goiter
what is hypothyroidism
condition in which the thyroid gland secretes too little T3 and T4
what is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis an example of
autoimmune hypothyroidism
what is thyroid carcinoma
cancerous or malignant tumor of the thyroid gland
what is hyperparathyroidism
condition in which hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone causes hypercalcemia and bone fragility
what is hypoparathyroidism
condition in which hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone leads to hypocalcemia
what is hyperinsulinism
condition in which a pancreatic adenoma causes hypersecretion of insulin leading to hypoglycemia
what is insulin resistance syndrome (IRS)
hypersecretion of insulin occurs because cell receptors develop resistance to insulin; glucose remains in the blood where the pancreas senses high BG and secretes more insulin
what is diabetes mellitus
the beta cells of the pancreas do not secrete enough insulin, leads to hyperglycemia; symptoms include glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia
what is glycosuria
excess glucose in the urine
what is polyuria
production of large amounts of urine
what is polydipsia
increased thirst
dips/o-
thirst
what is polyphagia
excess hunger
phag/o-
eat
what is type 1 diabetes mellitus
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) because the pancreas secretes no insulin and the patient must receive insulin injections; is an autoimmune disease
what is type 1.5 diabetes mellitus
also an autoimmune disorder; the pancreas still secretes insulin, just not enough
what is type 2 diabetes mellitus
also called adult-onset diabetes mellitus (ADDM); is not the result of an autoimmune disorder, rather insulin resistance
what is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
occurs in some women during pregnancy when increased levels of estradiol and progesterone block the action of insulin
what is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
condition in which a high level of acidic substances called ketones accumulates in the blood; can lead to a diabetic coma
ket/o-
ketones
acid/o-
acid
-osis
condition
what is diabetic neuropathy
high levels of glucose and ketones causes degenerative changes in the nephrons of the kidneys
what is diabetic retinopathy
degenerative changes in the retina, includes fragile blood vessels that rupture easily
what is atherosclerosis
formation of fatty deposits and plaques in the arteries; accelerated in patients with diabetes mellitus
what is impotence
difficulty achieving an erection; may occur as a result of nerve damage or artherosclerosis
what is a foot injury (as it applies to DM)
patients with DM are at increased risk due to poor eyesight and decreased sensation; injuries may progress to ulcers of gangrene
what is hyperaldosteronism
hypersecretion of aldosterone causes reabsorption of large amounts of sodium and water from the kidneys into the blood ; results in hypertension
what is hypoaldosteronism
condition in which hyposecretion of aldosterone causes a low level of sodium in the blood; causes decreased blood pressure
what is Cushing’s syndrome
hypersecretion of cortisol
what is Addison’s disease
hyposecretion of cortisol
what is adrenogenital syndrome
hypersecretion of adrenal androgens causes alterations in sexual characteristics
what is a pheochromocytoma
hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla
phe/o-
gray
chrom/o-
color
cyt/o-
cell
-oma
tumor
what is precocious puberty
early onset of puberty due to hypersecretion of either estradiol or testosterone
what is menopause
cessation of menstruation due to hyposecretion of estradiol
what is gynecomastia
enlargement of the breasts due to hyposecretion of testosterone
gynec/o-
female
mast/o-
breast
-ia
condition
what is a calcium test
measures calcium levels to see if the parathyroid gland is secreting normal parathyroid hormone
what is a cortisol level test
measures cortisol in the blood to determine function of the adrenal cortex
what is fasting blood sugar (FBS)
measures BG after fasting for 12 hours
what is glucose self-testing
patients measure their own BG to ensure it is in a normal range
what is an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
blood is drawn after the patient fasts for 12 hours, then once every hour for 4 hours after consuming a glucose drink
what is a Hemoglobin A1C test (HbA1c)
high levels indicate poor glucose control during past several months in patient with diabetes
what is a testosterone test
measures testosterone in men to determine normal testes function
what are thyroid function tests(TFTs)
measures T3, T4, and TSH
what is an FSH assay and LH assay
measures levels of FSH and LH
what is a growth hormone test
measures growth hormone to determine if anterior pituitary is secreting normal amount
what is ADH stimulation test
measures urine concentration to determine if pituitary gland is secreting normal amounts of antidiuretic hormone
what is an estradiol test
measures estradiol to determine if ovaries are functioning
what is a urine dipstick test
test that measures glucose and ketones in the urine
what is vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) test
measures level of VMA, a byproduct of epinephrine and norepinephrine; determines if adrenal medulla is functioning properly
what is a radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and thyroid scan
radioactive iodine is taken up by the thyroid from the blood; shows how well the thyroid is able to uptake iodine
what is thyroid ultrasonography
uses sound waves to produce an image of the thyroid gland
what is an ADA diet
physician-prescribed diet for patients with diabetes (carb and fat intake limited)
what are antidiabetic drugs
oral medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus
what are antithyroid drugs
administers radioactive sodium iodine 131 to destroy thyroid cells
what are thyroid hormone supplement drugs
treats a lack of thyroid hormones
what are corticosteroids
mimic the actions of cortisol; hormone therapy for Addison’s disease
what are growth hormone supplement drugs
provide growth hormone only to people who are deficient
what is insulin
used to treat type 1 and type 1.5 diabetes mellitus, as well as type 2
what is an adrenalectomy
procedure to remove adrenal gland
adrenal/o-
adrenal gland
-ectomy
surgical removal
what is a fine-needle biopsy
procedure that uses a fine needle to take small sample from thyroid nodule to determine if benign or cancerous
what is a parathyroidectomy
procedure to remove one or more of the parathyroid glands
what is a thymectomy
procedure to remove the thymus
what is a thyroidectomy
procedure to remove all or part of the thyroid gland
what is transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
procedure to remove an adenoma from the pituitary gland via incision in the sphenoid sinus
trans-
through
sphenoid/o-
sphenoid bone or sphenoid sinus
-al
pertaining to
hypophys/o -
pituitary gland
-ectomy
surgical removal
ADA
American Diabetes Association
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
LH
luteinizing hormone
TFTs
thyroid function tests
GTT
glucose tolerance test
FBS
fasting blood sugar
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus
NIDDM
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
DM
diabetes mellitus
IRS
insulin resistance syndrome
SAD
seasonal affective disorder
SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate ADH
DI
diabetes insipidus
