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Medical Terminology > Chapter 13 (4) > Flashcards

Chapter 13 (4) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is hyperpituitarism

A

general term for hypersecretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary

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2
Q

what is hypopituatirism

A

general term for hyposecretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary

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3
Q

what is galactorrhea

A

hypersecretion of prolactin due to an adenoma in anterior pituitary; results in milk production

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4
Q

what is failure of lactation

A

hyposecretion of prolactin due to a defect in the anterior pituitary gland

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5
Q

what is gigantism

A

condition in which hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty causes excessive growth of bones and tissues

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6
Q

what is acromegaly

A

condition in which hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood causes a person’s facial features to widen and enlarge

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7
Q

what is dwarfism

A

condition in which hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty causes lack of growth and short stature

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8
Q

what is syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A

condition in which hypersecretion of ADH causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption; results in diluted blood

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9
Q

what is diabetes insipidus

A

condition in which hyposecretion of ADH causes the kidneys to decrease reabsorption of water; leads to polyuria and polydipsia

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10
Q

what is uterine inertia

A

condition in which hyposecretion of oxytocin causes weak and uncoordinated uterine contractions during childbirth

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11
Q

what is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

condition in which decreased hours of sunlight during fall and winter lead to hypersecretion of melatonin accompanied by a decrease in serotonin levels; symptoms include depression

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12
Q

what is hyperthyroidism

A

condition in which the thyroid gland secretes too much T3 and T4

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13
Q

what is exopthalmos

A

bulging eyes

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14
Q

what is the most common hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease

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15
Q

what is a goiter

A

chronic, progressive enlargement of the thyroid gland; also known as thyromegaly

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16
Q

what does too little iodine in the diet lead to

A

a goiter

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17
Q

what is hypothyroidism

A

condition in which the thyroid gland secretes too little T3 and T4

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18
Q

what is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis an example of

A

autoimmune hypothyroidism

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19
Q

what is thyroid carcinoma

A

cancerous or malignant tumor of the thyroid gland

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20
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism

A

condition in which hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone causes hypercalcemia and bone fragility

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21
Q

what is hypoparathyroidism

A

condition in which hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone leads to hypocalcemia

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22
Q

what is hyperinsulinism

A

condition in which a pancreatic adenoma causes hypersecretion of insulin leading to hypoglycemia

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23
Q

what is insulin resistance syndrome (IRS)

A

hypersecretion of insulin occurs because cell receptors develop resistance to insulin; glucose remains in the blood where the pancreas senses high BG and secretes more insulin

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24
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

the beta cells of the pancreas do not secrete enough insulin, leads to hyperglycemia; symptoms include glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia

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25
Q

what is glycosuria

A

excess glucose in the urine

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26
Q

what is polyuria

A

production of large amounts of urine

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27
Q

what is polydipsia

A

increased thirst

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28
Q

dips/o-

A

thirst

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29
Q

what is polyphagia

A

excess hunger

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30
Q

phag/o-

A

eat

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31
Q

what is type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) because the pancreas secretes no insulin and the patient must receive insulin injections; is an autoimmune disease

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32
Q

what is type 1.5 diabetes mellitus

A

also an autoimmune disorder; the pancreas still secretes insulin, just not enough

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33
Q

what is type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

also called adult-onset diabetes mellitus (ADDM); is not the result of an autoimmune disorder, rather insulin resistance

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34
Q

what is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

A

occurs in some women during pregnancy when increased levels of estradiol and progesterone block the action of insulin

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35
Q

what is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

condition in which a high level of acidic substances called ketones accumulates in the blood; can lead to a diabetic coma

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36
Q

ket/o-

A

ketones

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37
Q

acid/o-

A

acid

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38
Q

-osis

A

condition

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39
Q

what is diabetic neuropathy

A

high levels of glucose and ketones causes degenerative changes in the nephrons of the kidneys

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40
Q

what is diabetic retinopathy

A

degenerative changes in the retina, includes fragile blood vessels that rupture easily

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41
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

formation of fatty deposits and plaques in the arteries; accelerated in patients with diabetes mellitus

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42
Q

what is impotence

A

difficulty achieving an erection; may occur as a result of nerve damage or artherosclerosis

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43
Q

what is a foot injury (as it applies to DM)

A

patients with DM are at increased risk due to poor eyesight and decreased sensation; injuries may progress to ulcers of gangrene

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44
Q

what is hyperaldosteronism

A

hypersecretion of aldosterone causes reabsorption of large amounts of sodium and water from the kidneys into the blood ; results in hypertension

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45
Q

what is hypoaldosteronism

A

condition in which hyposecretion of aldosterone causes a low level of sodium in the blood; causes decreased blood pressure

46
Q

what is Cushing’s syndrome

A

hypersecretion of cortisol

47
Q

what is Addison’s disease

A

hyposecretion of cortisol

48
Q

what is adrenogenital syndrome

A

hypersecretion of adrenal androgens causes alterations in sexual characteristics

49
Q

what is a pheochromocytoma

A

hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla

50
Q

phe/o-

A

gray

51
Q

chrom/o-

A

color

52
Q

cyt/o-

A

cell

53
Q

-oma

A

tumor

54
Q

what is precocious puberty

A

early onset of puberty due to hypersecretion of either estradiol or testosterone

55
Q

what is menopause

A

cessation of menstruation due to hyposecretion of estradiol

56
Q

what is gynecomastia

A

enlargement of the breasts due to hyposecretion of testosterone

57
Q

gynec/o-

A

female

58
Q

mast/o-

A

breast

59
Q

-ia

A

condition

60
Q

what is a calcium test

A

measures calcium levels to see if the parathyroid gland is secreting normal parathyroid hormone

61
Q

what is a cortisol level test

A

measures cortisol in the blood to determine function of the adrenal cortex

62
Q

what is fasting blood sugar (FBS)

A

measures BG after fasting for 12 hours

63
Q

what is glucose self-testing

A

patients measure their own BG to ensure it is in a normal range

64
Q

what is an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

A

blood is drawn after the patient fasts for 12 hours, then once every hour for 4 hours after consuming a glucose drink

65
Q

what is a Hemoglobin A1C test (HbA1c)

A

high levels indicate poor glucose control during past several months in patient with diabetes

66
Q

what is a testosterone test

A

measures testosterone in men to determine normal testes function

67
Q

what are thyroid function tests(TFTs)

A

measures T3, T4, and TSH

68
Q

what is an FSH assay and LH assay

A

measures levels of FSH and LH

69
Q

what is a growth hormone test

A

measures growth hormone to determine if anterior pituitary is secreting normal amount

70
Q

what is ADH stimulation test

A

measures urine concentration to determine if pituitary gland is secreting normal amounts of antidiuretic hormone

71
Q

what is an estradiol test

A

measures estradiol to determine if ovaries are functioning

72
Q

what is a urine dipstick test

A

test that measures glucose and ketones in the urine

73
Q

what is vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) test

A

measures level of VMA, a byproduct of epinephrine and norepinephrine; determines if adrenal medulla is functioning properly

74
Q

what is a radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and thyroid scan

A

radioactive iodine is taken up by the thyroid from the blood; shows how well the thyroid is able to uptake iodine

75
Q

what is thyroid ultrasonography

A

uses sound waves to produce an image of the thyroid gland

76
Q

what is an ADA diet

A

physician-prescribed diet for patients with diabetes (carb and fat intake limited)

77
Q

what are antidiabetic drugs

A

oral medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus

78
Q

what are antithyroid drugs

A

administers radioactive sodium iodine 131 to destroy thyroid cells

79
Q

what are thyroid hormone supplement drugs

A

treats a lack of thyroid hormones

80
Q

what are corticosteroids

A

mimic the actions of cortisol; hormone therapy for Addison’s disease

81
Q

what are growth hormone supplement drugs

A

provide growth hormone only to people who are deficient

82
Q

what is insulin

A

used to treat type 1 and type 1.5 diabetes mellitus, as well as type 2

83
Q

what is an adrenalectomy

A

procedure to remove adrenal gland

84
Q

adrenal/o-

A

adrenal gland

85
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical removal

86
Q

what is a fine-needle biopsy

A

procedure that uses a fine needle to take small sample from thyroid nodule to determine if benign or cancerous

87
Q

what is a parathyroidectomy

A

procedure to remove one or more of the parathyroid glands

88
Q

what is a thymectomy

A

procedure to remove the thymus

89
Q

what is a thyroidectomy

A

procedure to remove all or part of the thyroid gland

90
Q

what is transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

A

procedure to remove an adenoma from the pituitary gland via incision in the sphenoid sinus

91
Q

trans-

A

through

92
Q

sphenoid/o-

A

sphenoid bone or sphenoid sinus

93
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

94
Q

hypophys/o -

A

pituitary gland

95
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical removal

96
Q

ADA

A

American Diabetes Association

97
Q

RAIU

A

radioactive iodine uptake

98
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

99
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

100
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

101
Q

TFTs

A

thyroid function tests

102
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

103
Q

FBS

A

fasting blood sugar

104
Q

DKA

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

105
Q

GDM

A

gestational diabetes mellitus

106
Q

NIDDM

A

non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

107
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

108
Q

IRS

A

insulin resistance syndrome

109
Q

SAD

A

seasonal affective disorder

110
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH

111
Q

DI

A

diabetes insipidus

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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