Chapter 9 Flashcards
Cognitive development
epistemology
study of the origins of knowledge and how we know what we know
scheme
cognitive structure that forms the basis of organizing actions and mental representations.
The 3 schemes we are born with:
sucking
looking
grasping
operations
mental schemes for internal rather than on physical.
2 innate schemes according to Piaget
organization and adaptation.
organization is the grouping of knowledge and adaptation is assimilation and accommodation of schemes.
equilibration
When a Childs schemes are in balance and not in conflict
stages
qualitative shifts in a Childs way of thinking
sensorimotor stage, the substages:
reflexive schemes
(0-1 month)
primary circular reactions (1-4 months) more coordination
secondary circular reactions (4 - 10 months) more aware of external world
coordination of secondary schemes (10-12 months) combines schemes to achieve goals
tertiary circulary reactions (12-18 months) walking + searching novelty
beginning of thought (18-24 months) able to form mental representations
deferred imitation
the ability to copy gestures some time after they have seen these actions
preparational stage, the substages:
symbolic function substage (2-4) mental representations of objects that are not present. ~pretend play~
intuitive thought substage (4-7) reasoning in a systematic manner ~transitive interference~
three mountain task
3 mountains and the child is asked what someone else would see
rational imitation
infants produce an action that they think the adult intended to do.
seriation task
putting items in a logical order
class inclusion
ability to reason about parts and wholes simultaneously
centration
only focusing on one aspect of an object
reversibility
The ability to imagine a series in steps forward but also in steps backward.
horizontal décalage
non-synchronous development of children in Piagets tasks.
vertical décalage
An understanding of a concept at one age may be needed to be reconstructed at another.
appearance reality task
Objects disguised as something else and see if the child still sees the original object.
The 2 types of errors 3 year olds make in the appearance reality task:
phenomenism error & realism error
phenomenism error
Only reporting appearance in the appearance reality task, when asked to report reality
realism error
reporting reality in the appearance reality task, when asked to report appearance
scaffolding
adult simplifies the Childs environment in order to facilitate learning
Case’s theory (Neo-piagetian)
4 stages:
sensorimotor stage (0-2)
interrelational stage (2-8)
dimensional stage (5-11)
vectorial stage (11-19)
changes in each stage due to an increase in working memory. Accounts for horizontal décalage
