Chapter 1

Question 1

maturation

Answer 1

aspects of development primarily under genetic control.

Question 2

the 2 world views/paradigms developmental theories fall under?

Answer 2

Orgasmic world view and mechanistic world view.

Question 3

Orgasmic world view

Answer 3

A person interacts with its environment and shapes its own development

Question 4

Mechanistic world view

Answer 4

A person is like a machine, they are passive until stimulated by the environment.

Question 5

Behaviourism

Answer 5

directly observable behavior is the focus of a study and children are passive responders to conditioning.

Question 6

3 methods to study development

Answer 6

cross-sectional design
longitudinal design
sequential design

Question 7

cross-sectional design

Answer 7

multiple children from different ages are observed at 1 point in time.
Disadvantage: does not show continuity/discontinuity.

Question 8

Longitudinal design

Answer 8

People are tested as they grow older.
Disadvantage: high cost, high drop-out rate, takes a lot of time, results might only apply to one age cohort.

Question 9

Sequential design

Answer 9

combination of a longitudinal design and cross-sectional design. Follows development from people of different age cohorts at different ages.

Question 10

microgenetic methods

Answer 10

measures change as it occurs, which involves repeated tests in a short time.

Question 11

cohort effect

Answer 11

there can be changes across generations when it comes to characteristics

Question 12

baby biography

Answer 12

observational method where a dairy details an infants development.
Disadvantage: Généralisation

Question 13

time sampling

Answer 13

observational method where people are studied at intervals over a period of time

Question 14

affect

Answer 14

emotional state or feelings of a person

Question 15

event sampling

Answer 15

observational method where behavior of interest is observed when it happens.

Question 16

Clinical method

Answer 16

Observational method where behavior is first observed and then an experiment is done on that behavior.

Question 17

structured observation

Answer 17

observational method where variables are systematically varied and the response is observed.

Question 18

The 2 types of correlational studies are?

Answer 18

The concurrent study and the predictive study

Question 19

concurrent study

Answer 19

measuring the variables that are measured at the same time (correlational study)

Question 20

predictive study

Answer 20

measuring if individuals keep their standing over time (correlational study)

Question 21

Marker task

Answer 21

a method designed to elicit a behavior with a known neural basis (neural basis comes from studies with animals)

Question 22

ecological validity

Answer 22

When results are meaningful in the real world

Question 23

catharsis hypothesis

Answer 23

the argument of watching aggressive tendencies should reduce own aggressive feelings.

Question 24

social policies

Answer 24

actions/laws/rules to improve existing conditions

Question 25

Head start and sure start

Answer 25

programmes aimed at alleviating social and cognitive deficits.

Question 26

developmental functions

Answer 26

ways in which humans grow or change with age

Question 27

What are all the developmental functions?

Answer 27

The continuous function (increase and decrease)
step/stage like function
inverted u-shaped function
upright u-shaped function

Question 28

molar observation level

Answer 28

interpretation of observation example: ‘happy’, ‘sad’

Question 29

molecular observation level

Answer 29

objective way of observing, not interpreting in any way.

Question 30

reliability

Answer 30

if the study is replicable

Question 31

validity

Answer 31

measuring what is wanted to measure