Chapter 9 Flashcards
free recall
participants recall as much information as they can.
Serial recall
participants recall information in the way it was presented
Cued recall
uses various prompts to assist retrieval
Recognition
Selecting the correct information from a list I.e. multiple choice questions. Recognition is generally easier as it provides more cues.
relearning
The act of learning a previously known skill again. Relearning a skill is much easier than learning it the first time.
Encoding specificity failure
the associations made at the time of the encoding will create the most effective retrieval cues. Additionally, trying to retrieve the stimulus under similar conditions helps people to remember easier, this can be either environment or state, these are known as context and state dependent cues.
context dependent cues
the environment the participant finds themselves in when encoding the memory. Environmental cues include smell, temperature etc. People can appear to have forgotten aspects of a memory however once they experience it again the memory comes flooding back. Retracing ones steps is a form of using context dependent cues.
state dependent
refers to our psychological state when the memory was encoded
pseudo forgetting
occurs when someone believes they had encoded a memory but in reality they never actually encoded it. Often caused by a lack of attention.
disruption to consolidation
occurs when the consolidation process has been tampered with.
retrieval failure
The retrieval failure theory proposes that people forget things due to them having insufficient cues to help them remember the information.
interference theory
a difficulty in retrieving the information, due to previously learnt material (proactive retrieval) or (retroactive retrieval). e.g. getting two phone numbers at the same time. This theory proposes that two pieces of information compete with each other.
proactive interference
When previously learnt information interferes with other information trying to be retrieved.
Retroactive interference
When newly learnt information stops us from retrieving old information
similarity’s effect on memory
The more similar two pieces of information are the more likely they are to interfere with each other.
Rehearsal
rehearsing the information can extend the duration of STM. This can be done by simply rehearsing the stimulus in your head. Rehearsal only extends STM and is prone to interference.
Chunking
grouping items together that can be remembered. A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit. Uses less memory stores freeing space for my items to be put into short term memory. e.g. chunking numbers together and relating them to you e.g. 365 - number of days in a year
method of loci
involves using spatial memory by thinking of somewhere you know ell such as your house. Then the stimuli you have to remember place each one throughout your house.
elaborative rehearsal
helps to convert stimuli into LTM. We do this by linking this to previous information and meaning to information. Helping us to create strong cues.
Mnemonics - help us to strengthen memory
