Chapter 9

Question 1

free recall

Answer 1

participants recall as much information as they can.

Question 2

Serial recall

Answer 2

participants recall information in the way it was presented

Question 3

Cued recall

Answer 3

uses various prompts to assist retrieval

Question 4

Recognition

Answer 4

Selecting the correct information from a list I.e. multiple choice questions. Recognition is generally easier as it provides more cues.

Question 5

relearning

Answer 5

The act of learning a previously known skill again. Relearning a skill is much easier than learning it the first time.

Question 6

Encoding specificity failure

Answer 6

the associations made at the time of the encoding will create the most effective retrieval cues. Additionally, trying to retrieve the stimulus under similar conditions helps people to remember easier, this can be either environment or state, these are known as context and state dependent cues.

Question 7

context dependent cues

Answer 7

the environment the participant finds themselves in when encoding the memory. Environmental cues include smell, temperature etc. People can appear to have forgotten aspects of a memory however once they experience it again the memory comes flooding back. Retracing ones steps is a form of using context dependent cues.

Question 8

state dependent

Answer 8

refers to our psychological state when the memory was encoded

Question 9

pseudo forgetting

Answer 9

occurs when someone believes they had encoded a memory but in reality they never actually encoded it. Often caused by a lack of attention.

Question 10

disruption to consolidation

Answer 10

occurs when the consolidation process has been tampered with.

Question 11

retrieval failure

Answer 11

The retrieval failure theory proposes that people forget things due to them having insufficient cues to help them remember the information.

Question 12

interference theory

Answer 12

a difficulty in retrieving the information, due to previously learnt material (proactive retrieval) or (retroactive retrieval). e.g. getting two phone numbers at the same time. This theory proposes that two pieces of information compete with each other.

Question 13

proactive interference

Answer 13

When previously learnt information interferes with other information trying to be retrieved.

Question 14

Retroactive interference

Answer 14

When newly learnt information stops us from retrieving old information

Question 15

similarity’s effect on memory

Answer 15

The more similar two pieces of information are the more likely they are to interfere with each other.

Question 16

Rehearsal

Answer 16

rehearsing the information can extend the duration of STM. This can be done by simply rehearsing the stimulus in your head. Rehearsal only extends STM and is prone to interference.

Question 16

Chunking

Answer 16

grouping items together that can be remembered. A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit. Uses less memory stores freeing space for my items to be put into short term memory. e.g. chunking numbers together and relating them to you e.g. 365 - number of days in a year

Question 17

method of loci

Answer 17

involves using spatial memory by thinking of somewhere you know ell such as your house. Then the stimuli you have to remember place each one throughout your house.

Question 17

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 17

helps to convert stimuli into LTM. We do this by linking this to previous information and meaning to information. Helping us to create strong cues.
Mnemonics - help us to strengthen memory