Chapter 10

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Question 2

first phase of classical conditioning

Answer 2

an unconditioned stimulus provides an unconditioned response. During this phase there is also a neutral stimulus which provides no response

Question 3

second phase of classical conditioning

Answer 3

involves an association between the neutral and unconditioned stimulus. Causing the neutral stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus.

Question 4

third phase of conditioning

Answer 4

the conditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response as a result of the association with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

Aversion therapy

Answer 5

A form of classical conditioning where a person with an unwanted behaviour learns to associate the unwanted behaviour with an unwanted experience.

Question 6

operant conditioning

Answer 6

rewards or punishes behaviour therefore provoking a preferable response

Question 7

reinforcer

Answer 7

any stimulus that strengthens or weakens the likelihood of someone’s response (behaviour).

Question 8

punisher

Answer 8

any stimulus that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behaviour.

Question 9

positive punishment

Answer 9

a behaviour followed by a negative experience

Question 10

negative punishment

Answer 10

a form of punishment that entails something desirable being removed i.e. being grounded

Question 11

difference of punishment and reinforcement

Answer 11

Punishment decreases the probability, whilst positive reinforcement increases the probability of a response.
Negative reinforcement when the behaviour stops an unpleasant experience.

Question 12

shaping

Answer 12

when someone receives encouragement for each attempt they have at a desired response.

Question 13

stimulus generalisation

Answer 13

When a behaviour is produced by a similar stimulus e.g. a dog running towards an electric can opener so when it hears something similar like a blender the dog also comes running over.

Question 14

extinction

Answer 14

when a response is no longer reinforced and thus is no longer associated

Question 15

Attention

Answer 15

the person social learning something must pay close attention to the model.

Question 16

retention

Answer 16

the actions of the model must be stored in memory

Question 17

reproduction

Answer 17

people can now reproduce the observed action

Question 18

Motivation

Answer 18

the learner must want to reproduce the action

Question 19

reinforcment

Answer 19

if the learner is encouraged via reinforcement they will reproduce the behaviour.

Question 20

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 20

based upon whether the model is rewarded or punished this can influence how likely an individual will replicate the action