Chapter 16

Question 1

Attitude

Answer 1

positive or negative evaluation of an entity i.e people, objects, concepts

Question 2

components of an attitude

Answer 2

• An attitude is learnt
  
  • An attitude is stable and enduring
  • An attitude is an evaluation which come to through judgement
    Attitudes influence our behaviour

Question 3

Explicit Attitude

Answer 3

openly admit to their attitude and behave in a way that reflects their attitude

Question 4

Implicit Attitude

Answer 4

an unconscious attitude which the person is unaware of that they have until their behaviour reveals it

Question 5

behavior and attitude connection

Answer 5

Behaviour does not equal attitude e.g. some smokers probably hate that they have to smoke

Question 6

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 6

an unpleasant feeling when we feel that our behaviours and attitudes do not align.

Question 7

Effort Justification

Answer 7

when people place a high value on a goal after having exerted a lot of effort to achieve it

Question 8

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)

Answer 8

• Participants were either paid 1 or 20 dollars to lie about how much they enjoyed the experiment, when asked about the study the people paid 1 dollar tended to say that they enjoyed the experience whilst those who were paid 20 dollars said they did not.
  Those paid less probably felt uncomfortable lying so they said they enjoyed it whilst those paid 20 dollars told the truth as their payment was sufficient for enduring the experiment, and thus were happy to remember their boredom.

Question 9

Social Identity

Answer 9

a person’s sense of self based upon the groups they belong to

Question 10

Social Identity Theory

Answer 10

we form our social identity based upon the groups we are a part of and doing so allows us to have an important source of pride and self esteem. To maintain this pride and self esteem we normally boost the status of said group.

Question 11

Social Categorisation

Answer 11

when we sort people and objects, so we can understand and identify them, for example if someone says that they are from Melbourne we categorise them as Victorian and assign them characteristics like enjoying afl.

Question 12

Social identification

Answer 12

when we adopt behaviour, attitudes and beliefs of the group we belong to.

Question 13

Social Comparison

Answer 13

when we compare our in group with other groups to affirm our identity.

Question 14

Attribution

Answer 14

Inferences we make about the causes of events, the behaviour of others or our own.

Question 15

Attribution theory

Answer 15

people have an innate need to understand why things happen.

Question 16

Actor Observer Bias

Answer 16

People tend to excuse their behaviours due to external factors whilst explain others actions by internal factors.

Question 16

Dispositional Attribution

Answer 16

The assumption that behaviour is due to internal or personal characteristics.

Question 17

Situational Attribution

Answer 17

When we consider external factors to explain behaviour.

Question 18

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 18

When people place to much emphasis on someone’s personal Characteristics and not enough on their external factors.

Question 18

Bias

Answer 18

an opinion or belief about an object, person, or group.

Question 19

Ross and Colleagues

Answer 19

• Conducted a study were people were asked to be either a gameshow host or a participant.
  
  • The game show host would make their own questions and ask them.
  • It was found that the audience thought the host was the most intelligent despite them writing the questions and thus obviously knowing the answer. In this instance the audience fell victim to fundamental attribution theory

Question 20

Self-serving Bias

Answer 20

a perceptual process which helps us to maintain self-esteem by viewing our self-more favourably rather than another person in the same position.

Question 21

Confirmation bias

Answer 21

the process of looking for stuff that agrees with your viewpoints