Chapter 9 Flashcards
articulations
the place where a bone meets another bone, cartilage or teeth
what are articulations also known as
joints
how are joints classified
classified based on joint structure and whether the joint has more or less mobility and stability
list of joints from least to most stable
glenohumeral join (shuolder) –> hip join –> elbow joint –> intervertebral joints –> suture
list of joints from most mobile to least
glenohumeral joint –> hip joint –> elbow joint –> intervertebral joint –> suture
what are the classifications by funtion of a joint
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
synarthrosis
an immobile joint
amphirarthrosis
a slightly moveable joint
diarthrosis
freely moveable joint
classification of a joint by structures
fibrous joint, cartilaginous joint, synovial joint
fibrous joint
bones that are held together by dense regular connective tissue
what are the three types of fibrous joints
- gomphoses
- sutures
- syndesmoses
gomphoses
- joints between the teeth & maxilla and teeth & mandible
- synarthrosis joints
sutures
- joints between skull bones
- synarthrosis joints
syndesmoses
- joints between parallel bones in the forearm and leg
- ulna and radius, tibia and fibula
- amphiarthroses joints
cartilaginous joints
bones that are joined by cartilage
what are the two types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses and symphyses
synchondroses
- bones joined by hyaline cartilage
- synarthrosis joints
what are examples of synchondrosis joints
- epiphyseal plate
- the joint between the rib and sternum
symphyses
- bones joined by the pad of fibrocartilage
- amphiarthrosis joints
what are examples of symphyses joints
- intervertebral joints
- pubic symphysis
synovial joints
- bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity
- freely mobile diarthrosis
- articulating bones separated by a joint cavity
what is the general anatomy of a synovial joint
- articular capsule
- articular cartilage
- joint cavity
- ligaments
- sensory nerves
- blood vessels
articular capsule
two major parts
- fibrous layer: strengthens joints and made of dense regular CT
- synovial membrane: secretes synovial fluid
articular cartilage
- the hyaline cartilage that covers the head of the moveable joint
- reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
joint cavity
the space between articulating bones taht contain small amounts of synovial fluid
what are the functions of synovial fluid
- lubricate and nourish artucular cartilages
- nourish chondrocytes
- absorbs shock during compression of the joint
ligaments
connect bone to bone, dense regular connective tissue
- strengthens and reinforce capsule
sensory nerves
detect pain and amount of stress in jointblo
blood vessels
nourish tissue in the joint
what are the accessory structures surrounding the synovial joint
- Bursae
- tendon sheath
- fat pads
what is the function of the accessory structures of the synovial joint
to reduce friction of bones and structures and to fill space
bursae
small fluid filled spaces outside most synovial joints where tendons, ligaments, muscles, and bone rub
tendon sheaths
elongated bursae around tendons particularly in confined areas where tendons rub against each other
fat pads
packing material that also provides some protection
how are the synovial joints classified
by shapes of articulating surfaces and amount of movement allowed
what are the types of movement to describe synovial joints
- uniaxial
- biaxial
- multiaxial
uniaxial synovial joint
joints move in one plane/axis
biaxial synovial joitn
joint moves in two planes/axes
multiaxial synovial joint
joint moves in three planes/axes
what are the 6 classes of synovial joints
- plane joints
- hinge joints
- pivot joints
- condylar joints
- saddle joints
- ball-and-socket joints
what are plane joints
uniaxial joints where the movement occurs in a sliding/gliding motion of two adjacent bones
what is an example of a plane joint
carpal and tarsal bones
what is a hinge joint
uniaxial joint that can perform flexion and extension movement
what is an example of a hing joint
the elbow joint
what is a pivot joint
a uniaxial joint that can perform rotation movements in the transverse plane
what is an example of a pivot joint
radius & ulna, atlas & axis
what is a condylar joint
a biaxial joint that can preform circumduction, flexion, extension, and add/abduction
what is an example of a condylar joint
the joint between metacarpals and proximal phalanges
saddle joints
can perform movements in circumduction, flex & ext, and add/abduction
what is an example of a saddle joint
the 1 metacarpal to carpal bones
what is a ball-and-socket joint
multiaxial joints that can perform all types of movements
what are the types of movements that a synovial joint can do
gliding motion, angular motion, rotational motion, special movementsg
gliding motion
- where two opposing articular surfaces slide past each other in almost any direction
- the angle between bones does not change
angular motion
angle between articulating bones increase and decreases
what are the types of angular motion
- flexion & extension & hyperextension
- lateral flexion
- adduction & abduction
- circumduction
flexion & extension
when the angle between articulating bones decreases (flexion) and increases (extension)
hyperextension
extension movement that continues past the anatomic position
lateral flexion
vertebral column moves in lateral direction along coronal plane
add/abduction
movement of bone toward midline (adduction) and away from midline (abduction)
circumduction
continuous movement that combines flexion & extension, aduction/abduction in succession
rotational motion
when the bone turns on its longitudinal axis
what are the types of rotational motion
- pronation
- supination
pronation
rotation of the forearm where the palm is turned posteriorly
supination
rotation of forearm where pams is turned anteriorly
what are special movements of synovial joints
types of movement that do not fit in with the rest of the categories
what are the types of special movements
- depression & elevation
- dorsiflexion & plantarflexion
- inversion & eversion
- protraction & retraction
- opposition
depression and elevation
movement of body part inferiorly (depression) and superiorly (elevation)
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
ankle joint movement where dorsum of foot is brought closer to anterior surface of leg (dorsiflexion) and when sole of foot is brought to posterior surface of leg (plantarflexion)
inversion and eversion
twisting motion of foot that turns sole inward (inversion) and turns sole inward (eversion)
protraction and retraction
anterior movement of body part from anatomic position (protraction) and posterior movement of the body from anatomic position (retraction)
opposition
thumb moves across palm towards other fingers
identify and define the suture joint
- fibrous synarthrosis joint
- articulating components: adjacent skull bones
- no movement occurs
identify and define the temporomandibular jiont
- a synovial (hinge, plane) diarthrosis joint
- collectively a hinge joint, but separated into both
- articulating components: head of the mandible and mandibular fossa of the temporal bone (hinge) and head of mandible and articular tubercle of temporal bone (plane)
- protraction & retraction, opening & closing
identify and define atlanto-occipital joint
- synovial, condylar, diarthrosis joint
- articulating components: superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone
- flexion & extension, hyperextension, and lateral flexion
identify and define the atlantoaxial joint
- synovial, pivot, diarthrosis joint
- articulating components: anterior arch of atlas and dens of axis
- transverse motion
identify and define the intervertebral joint
- cartilaginous, symphysis amphiarthrosis joint @ vertebral bodies
synovial, pivot, diarthrosis joint between articular processes - articulating surfaces: vertebral bodies with each other, and articular facets
- flxion & extension, lateral flexion, and hyperextension
identify and define vertebrocostal joint
- synovial plane, diarthrosis joint
- articular components: facets of the heads of ribs and bodies of adjacent thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs, and articular part of tubercles of ribs and facets of transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
no movement occurs
identify and define the lumbrosacral joint
- cartiliginous symphysis, amphiarthrosis joint between lumbar body and abse of sacrum
- synovial, plane amphiarthrosis joint between articular facets
- articulating components: body of the fifht lumbar vertebra and base of the sacrum
- flexion & extension, lateral flexion and hyperextension
define and identify the sternocostal joint
- cartlliginous, synchondrosis, diarthrosis joint between sternum and first ribs
- synovial, plane, diarthrosis joint between sternum and ribs 2-7
- articulating components: sternum and first seven pairs of ribs
define and identiy the sternoclavicular joint
- synovial, saddle, diarthrosis joint
- articulating components: sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum, and first costal cartilage
- elevation, depression, circumduction
define and identify the acromioclavicular joint
- synovial, plane, diarthrosis joint
- articulating components: acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula
- gliding of scapula on clavicle
define and identify the glenohumeral joint
- synovial, ball-and-socket, diarthrosis joint
- articulating components: glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus
- horizontal add/abduction, add/abduction, circumduction, flexion & extension, hyperextension, lateral rotation & medial rotation
what are the features of the glenohumeral joint
- glenoid labrum
- 4 ligaments
- 4 muscles
what is the function of the glenoid labrum
to deepen the glenoid cavity = providing support for the joint
what are the four ligaments of the glenohumeral joint
- coracromial
- acromoclavicular
- coracohumeral
- glenohumeral ligament
- transverse humeral ligament
where is the coracromial ligament
- in the glenohumeral joint
- a ligament that connects the coracoid process with the acromion
acromioclavicular ligament
connects the acromion with the clavicle
glenohumeral ligament
largest ligament that surrounds glenoid cavity and humeral head (inferior parts of the joint)
coracohumeral ligament
connects the coracoid with the head of the humerus
transverse humeral ligament
- located on the lesser and greater tubercles of the humerus
- aligned in a horizontal fashion giving the name transverse
define and identify the elbow joint
- synovial, hinge, diarthrosis joint
- articulating components: humeroulnar joint: trochlea of humerus with throclear notch of ulna and humeroradial joint: capitulum of humerus with head of radius
- extension & flexion and maybe hperextension
define and identify the radioulnar joint
- synovial, pivot, diarthrosis joint
- articulating components: proximal joint: head of raidus with radial notch of ulna, and distal joint: distal end of ulna and the ulnar notch
- rotation of radius with respect to the ulna
define and identify radiocarpal joint
- synovial, condylar, diarthrosis joint
- articulating components: distal end of radius with lunate and scaphoid and triquetrum
- radial and ulnar deviation, circumduction, flexion & extension of the wrist
define and identify the intercarpal joint
- synovial, plane, diarthrosis joint
- articular components: adjacent bones in the proximal row of carpal bones, adjacent bones in the distal row of carpal bones, and adjacent bones between proximal and distal rows
- gliding motion
define and identify a carpometacarpal joint
- synovial, saddle, diarthrosis joint @ the thumb, and synovial, plane, diarthrosis joint @ the other digits
- articulating components: trapexium and first metacarpal, and carpals and metacarpals
- add/abduction, circumduction, extension & flexion, and opposition at thumb, gliding at other digits
define and identify metacarpophalangeal joint
- synovial, condylar, diarthrosis joint
- articulating components: heads of metacarpals and bases of proximal phalanges
- add/abduction, circumduction, extension & flexion of phalanges
define and identify interphalangeal joint
- synovial, hinge, diarthrosis joint
- articulating components: heads of proximal and middle phalanges with base of middle and distal phalanges
- extension and flexion of phalanges
articulations of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
- coxal (hip joint)
- sacroiliac
- pubic symphysis
- knee
- tibialfibular
- talocrural
- intertarsal
- tarsometatarsal
- metatarsalphalangeal
- interphalangeal
coxal joint
- the hip joint
- a synovial, ball-and-socket, multiaxial diarthrosis joint
- articulating components: the head of the femur with the acetabulum of the os coxae
- add/abduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral and medial rotation of the thigh, circumduction
what is the articular capsule and its components of the coxal joint
- retinacular fibers attach and stabilize the
- ligaments:
- iliofemoral
- ishiofemoral
- pubofemroal
- ligament of head of femur
iliofemoral ligament
between the ilium and the femurish
ischiofemoral ligament
between the ischium and the femur
pubofemoral
between the pubis and the femur
ligament of the head of the femure
attaches the fovea of the femur to the acetabulum
sacroiliac joint
- synovial, plane, uniaxial, diarthrosis joint
- auricular surface of the sacrum with the auricular surface of the ilium
- slight gliding movement, but more movement during childbirth and pregnancy
pubic symphysis
- cartilaginous, symphysis, ampharithrotic joint
- between the pubic bones (fibrocartilage)
- slight gliding movmeents but more during pregnancy and childbirth
knee joint
- collectively a synovial uniaxial hinge joint, but the tibiofemoral joint is a hinge and the patellofemoral is a plane
- patellofemoral: patella with the patellar surface
- tibiofemoral: condyles of the tibia and the femur
- involved in flexion, extension and maybe hyperextension
can the knee joint have add/abduction movement
yes, varus and valgus movement
what is varus movement of the knee
bow legged
- causes increased stress on the lateral collateral ligament and lose medial collateral ligament
- causes medial contact forces that eventually results in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis
what is valgus movement of the knee
knock kneed
- causes increased stress on the medial collateral ligament and lose lateral collateral ligament
- causes lateral contact forces and will eventually cause lateral compartment knee osteoarthritis
what are the supporting parts of the knee
- lateral and medial menisci
- ligaments: anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, lateral collateral ligament, and medial collateral ligament
what is the role of the lateral and medial menisci
for shock absorption and reducing frcition between the condyles of the femury
anterior cruciate ligament
- connects the posterior side of the femur to the anterior side of the tibia
- prevents anterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur
posterior cruciate ligament
- connects the anterior side of the femur to posterior side of the tibia
- presents posterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur
why is it called cruciate
bc the two ligaments cross each other
lateral collacteral ligament
- fibular and femur attachment
- prevent lateral translation of the knee (preventing varus movement
medial collateral ligament
- tibial and femur attachment
- prevents medial translation of the knee (preventing valgus movement)
tibiofibular joint
- has a superior joint and inferior joint
- superior joint is synovial plane, diarthrotic joint
- head of the fibula with lateral condyle of the tibia - inferior joint is fibrous syndesmoses, synarthrotic joint
- distal end of fibula and fibular notch of the tibia - collectively an amphiarthrotic joint
- allows for slight rotation of the fibula during dorsiflexion of the foot
talocrural (ankle) joint
- synovial, condylar, biaxial, diarthrotic joint
- between the medial and lateral malleolus with the talus
- allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
intersarsal joints (of feet)
- synovial, plane, uniaxial, diarthrosis joint
- between the tarsal bones
- eversion and inversion of the foot
tarsometatarsal joint
- synovial, plane, uniaxial, diarthrotic joint
- the 3 cuneiforms, cuboid, and bases of the five metatarsals
- slight gliding
metatarsalphalangeal
- synovial, condylar, biaxial, diarthrotic joint
- metatarsals with the base of the proximal phalanages
- add/abduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension, circumduction
interphalangeal joint
- synovial, hinge, uniaxial, diarthrotic joint
- proximal w/ base of middle, head of middle with base of distal
- extension, flexion, and possible hyperextension
