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Human Anatomy > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

articulations

A

the place where a bone meets another bone, cartilage or teeth

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2
Q

what are articulations also known as

A

joints

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3
Q

how are joints classified

A

classified based on joint structure and whether the joint has more or less mobility and stability

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4
Q

list of joints from least to most stable

A

glenohumeral join (shuolder) –> hip join –> elbow joint –> intervertebral joints –> suture

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5
Q

list of joints from most mobile to least

A

glenohumeral joint –> hip joint –> elbow joint –> intervertebral joint –> suture

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6
Q

what are the classifications by funtion of a joint

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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7
Q

synarthrosis

A

an immobile joint

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8
Q

amphirarthrosis

A

a slightly moveable joint

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9
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely moveable joint

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10
Q

classification of a joint by structures

A

fibrous joint, cartilaginous joint, synovial joint

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11
Q

fibrous joint

A

bones that are held together by dense regular connective tissue

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12
Q

what are the three types of fibrous joints

A
  • gomphoses
  • sutures
  • syndesmoses
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13
Q

gomphoses

A
  • joints between the teeth & maxilla and teeth & mandible
  • synarthrosis joints
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14
Q

sutures

A
  • joints between skull bones
  • synarthrosis joints
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15
Q

syndesmoses

A
  • joints between parallel bones in the forearm and leg
  • ulna and radius, tibia and fibula
  • amphiarthroses joints
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16
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

bones that are joined by cartilage

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17
Q

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses and symphyses

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18
Q

synchondroses

A
  • bones joined by hyaline cartilage
  • synarthrosis joints
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19
Q

what are examples of synchondrosis joints

A
  • epiphyseal plate
  • the joint between the rib and sternum
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20
Q

symphyses

A
  • bones joined by the pad of fibrocartilage
  • amphiarthrosis joints
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21
Q

what are examples of symphyses joints

A
  • intervertebral joints
  • pubic symphysis
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22
Q

synovial joints

A
  • bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity
  • freely mobile diarthrosis
  • articulating bones separated by a joint cavity
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23
Q

what is the general anatomy of a synovial joint

A
  • articular capsule
  • articular cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • ligaments
  • sensory nerves
  • blood vessels
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24
Q

articular capsule

A

two major parts
- fibrous layer: strengthens joints and made of dense regular CT
- synovial membrane: secretes synovial fluid

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25
Q

articular cartilage

A
  • the hyaline cartilage that covers the head of the moveable joint
  • reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
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26
Q

joint cavity

A

the space between articulating bones taht contain small amounts of synovial fluid

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27
Q

what are the functions of synovial fluid

A
  • lubricate and nourish artucular cartilages
  • nourish chondrocytes
  • absorbs shock during compression of the joint
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28
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone, dense regular connective tissue
- strengthens and reinforce capsule

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29
Q

sensory nerves

A

detect pain and amount of stress in jointblo

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30
Q

blood vessels

A

nourish tissue in the joint

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31
Q

what are the accessory structures surrounding the synovial joint

A
  • Bursae
  • tendon sheath
  • fat pads
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32
Q

what is the function of the accessory structures of the synovial joint

A

to reduce friction of bones and structures and to fill space

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33
Q

bursae

A

small fluid filled spaces outside most synovial joints where tendons, ligaments, muscles, and bone rub

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34
Q

tendon sheaths

A

elongated bursae around tendons particularly in confined areas where tendons rub against each other

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35
Q

fat pads

A

packing material that also provides some protection

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36
Q

how are the synovial joints classified

A

by shapes of articulating surfaces and amount of movement allowed

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37
Q

what are the types of movement to describe synovial joints

A
  • uniaxial
  • biaxial
  • multiaxial
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38
Q

uniaxial synovial joint

A

joints move in one plane/axis

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39
Q

biaxial synovial joitn

A

joint moves in two planes/axes

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40
Q

multiaxial synovial joint

A

joint moves in three planes/axes

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41
Q

what are the 6 classes of synovial joints

A
  • plane joints
  • hinge joints
  • pivot joints
  • condylar joints
  • saddle joints
  • ball-and-socket joints
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42
Q

what are plane joints

A

uniaxial joints where the movement occurs in a sliding/gliding motion of two adjacent bones

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43
Q

what is an example of a plane joint

A

carpal and tarsal bones

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44
Q

what is a hinge joint

A

uniaxial joint that can perform flexion and extension movement

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45
Q

what is an example of a hing joint

A

the elbow joint

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46
Q

what is a pivot joint

A

a uniaxial joint that can perform rotation movements in the transverse plane

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47
Q

what is an example of a pivot joint

A

radius & ulna, atlas & axis

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48
Q

what is a condylar joint

A

a biaxial joint that can preform circumduction, flexion, extension, and add/abduction

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49
Q

what is an example of a condylar joint

A

the joint between metacarpals and proximal phalanges

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50
Q

saddle joints

A

can perform movements in circumduction, flex & ext, and add/abduction

51
Q

what is an example of a saddle joint

A

the 1 metacarpal to carpal bones

52
Q

what is a ball-and-socket joint

A

multiaxial joints that can perform all types of movements

53
Q

what are the types of movements that a synovial joint can do

A

gliding motion, angular motion, rotational motion, special movementsg

54
Q

gliding motion

A
  • where two opposing articular surfaces slide past each other in almost any direction
  • the angle between bones does not change
55
Q

angular motion

A

angle between articulating bones increase and decreases

56
Q

what are the types of angular motion

A
  • flexion & extension & hyperextension
  • lateral flexion
  • adduction & abduction
  • circumduction
57
Q

flexion & extension

A

when the angle between articulating bones decreases (flexion) and increases (extension)

58
Q

hyperextension

A

extension movement that continues past the anatomic position

59
Q

lateral flexion

A

vertebral column moves in lateral direction along coronal plane

60
Q

add/abduction

A

movement of bone toward midline (adduction) and away from midline (abduction)

61
Q

circumduction

A

continuous movement that combines flexion & extension, aduction/abduction in succession

62
Q

rotational motion

A

when the bone turns on its longitudinal axis

63
Q

what are the types of rotational motion

A
  • pronation
  • supination
64
Q

pronation

A

rotation of the forearm where the palm is turned posteriorly

65
Q

supination

A

rotation of forearm where pams is turned anteriorly

66
Q

what are special movements of synovial joints

A

types of movement that do not fit in with the rest of the categories

67
Q

what are the types of special movements

A
  • depression & elevation
  • dorsiflexion & plantarflexion
  • inversion & eversion
  • protraction & retraction
  • opposition
68
Q

depression and elevation

A

movement of body part inferiorly (depression) and superiorly (elevation)

69
Q

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

A

ankle joint movement where dorsum of foot is brought closer to anterior surface of leg (dorsiflexion) and when sole of foot is brought to posterior surface of leg (plantarflexion)

70
Q

inversion and eversion

A

twisting motion of foot that turns sole inward (inversion) and turns sole inward (eversion)

71
Q

protraction and retraction

A

anterior movement of body part from anatomic position (protraction) and posterior movement of the body from anatomic position (retraction)

72
Q

opposition

A

thumb moves across palm towards other fingers

73
Q

identify and define the suture joint

A
  • fibrous synarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: adjacent skull bones
  • no movement occurs
74
Q

identify and define the temporomandibular jiont

A
  • a synovial (hinge, plane) diarthrosis joint
  • collectively a hinge joint, but separated into both
  • articulating components: head of the mandible and mandibular fossa of the temporal bone (hinge) and head of mandible and articular tubercle of temporal bone (plane)
  • protraction & retraction, opening & closing
75
Q

identify and define atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • synovial, condylar, diarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone
  • flexion & extension, hyperextension, and lateral flexion
76
Q

identify and define the atlantoaxial joint

A
  • synovial, pivot, diarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: anterior arch of atlas and dens of axis
  • transverse motion
77
Q

identify and define the intervertebral joint

A
  • cartilaginous, symphysis amphiarthrosis joint @ vertebral bodies
    synovial, pivot, diarthrosis joint between articular processes
  • articulating surfaces: vertebral bodies with each other, and articular facets
  • flxion & extension, lateral flexion, and hyperextension
78
Q

identify and define vertebrocostal joint

A
  • synovial plane, diarthrosis joint
  • articular components: facets of the heads of ribs and bodies of adjacent thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs, and articular part of tubercles of ribs and facets of transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
    no movement occurs
79
Q

identify and define the lumbrosacral joint

A
  • cartiliginous symphysis, amphiarthrosis joint between lumbar body and abse of sacrum
  • synovial, plane amphiarthrosis joint between articular facets
  • articulating components: body of the fifht lumbar vertebra and base of the sacrum
  • flexion & extension, lateral flexion and hyperextension
80
Q

define and identify the sternocostal joint

A
  • cartlliginous, synchondrosis, diarthrosis joint between sternum and first ribs
  • synovial, plane, diarthrosis joint between sternum and ribs 2-7
  • articulating components: sternum and first seven pairs of ribs
81
Q

define and identiy the sternoclavicular joint

A
  • synovial, saddle, diarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum, and first costal cartilage
  • elevation, depression, circumduction
82
Q

define and identify the acromioclavicular joint

A
  • synovial, plane, diarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula
  • gliding of scapula on clavicle
83
Q

define and identify the glenohumeral joint

A
  • synovial, ball-and-socket, diarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus
  • horizontal add/abduction, add/abduction, circumduction, flexion & extension, hyperextension, lateral rotation & medial rotation
84
Q

what are the features of the glenohumeral joint

A
  • glenoid labrum
  • 4 ligaments
  • 4 muscles
85
Q

what is the function of the glenoid labrum

A

to deepen the glenoid cavity = providing support for the joint

86
Q

what are the four ligaments of the glenohumeral joint

A
  • coracromial
  • acromoclavicular
  • coracohumeral
  • glenohumeral ligament
  • transverse humeral ligament
87
Q

where is the coracromial ligament

A
  • in the glenohumeral joint
  • a ligament that connects the coracoid process with the acromion
88
Q

acromioclavicular ligament

A

connects the acromion with the clavicle

89
Q

glenohumeral ligament

A

largest ligament that surrounds glenoid cavity and humeral head (inferior parts of the joint)

90
Q

coracohumeral ligament

A

connects the coracoid with the head of the humerus

91
Q

transverse humeral ligament

A
  • located on the lesser and greater tubercles of the humerus
  • aligned in a horizontal fashion giving the name transverse
92
Q

define and identify the elbow joint

A
  • synovial, hinge, diarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: humeroulnar joint: trochlea of humerus with throclear notch of ulna and humeroradial joint: capitulum of humerus with head of radius
  • extension & flexion and maybe hperextension
93
Q

define and identify the radioulnar joint

A
  • synovial, pivot, diarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: proximal joint: head of raidus with radial notch of ulna, and distal joint: distal end of ulna and the ulnar notch
  • rotation of radius with respect to the ulna
94
Q

define and identify radiocarpal joint

A
  • synovial, condylar, diarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: distal end of radius with lunate and scaphoid and triquetrum
  • radial and ulnar deviation, circumduction, flexion & extension of the wrist
95
Q

define and identify the intercarpal joint

A
  • synovial, plane, diarthrosis joint
  • articular components: adjacent bones in the proximal row of carpal bones, adjacent bones in the distal row of carpal bones, and adjacent bones between proximal and distal rows
  • gliding motion
96
Q

define and identify a carpometacarpal joint

A
  • synovial, saddle, diarthrosis joint @ the thumb, and synovial, plane, diarthrosis joint @ the other digits
  • articulating components: trapexium and first metacarpal, and carpals and metacarpals
  • add/abduction, circumduction, extension & flexion, and opposition at thumb, gliding at other digits
97
Q

define and identify metacarpophalangeal joint

A
  • synovial, condylar, diarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: heads of metacarpals and bases of proximal phalanges
  • add/abduction, circumduction, extension & flexion of phalanges
98
Q

define and identify interphalangeal joint

A
  • synovial, hinge, diarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: heads of proximal and middle phalanges with base of middle and distal phalanges
  • extension and flexion of phalanges
99
Q

articulations of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs

A
  • coxal (hip joint)
  • sacroiliac
  • pubic symphysis
  • knee
  • tibialfibular
  • talocrural
  • intertarsal
  • tarsometatarsal
  • metatarsalphalangeal
  • interphalangeal
100
Q

coxal joint

A
  • the hip joint
  • a synovial, ball-and-socket, multiaxial diarthrosis joint
  • articulating components: the head of the femur with the acetabulum of the os coxae
  • add/abduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral and medial rotation of the thigh, circumduction
101
Q

what is the articular capsule and its components of the coxal joint

A
  • retinacular fibers attach and stabilize the
  • ligaments:
  • iliofemoral
  • ishiofemoral
  • pubofemroal
  • ligament of head of femur
102
Q

iliofemoral ligament

A

between the ilium and the femurish

103
Q

ischiofemoral ligament

A

between the ischium and the femur

104
Q

pubofemoral

A

between the pubis and the femur

105
Q

ligament of the head of the femure

A

attaches the fovea of the femur to the acetabulum

106
Q

sacroiliac joint

A
  • synovial, plane, uniaxial, diarthrosis joint
  • auricular surface of the sacrum with the auricular surface of the ilium
  • slight gliding movement, but more movement during childbirth and pregnancy
107
Q

pubic symphysis

A
  • cartilaginous, symphysis, ampharithrotic joint
  • between the pubic bones (fibrocartilage)
  • slight gliding movmeents but more during pregnancy and childbirth
108
Q

knee joint

A
  • collectively a synovial uniaxial hinge joint, but the tibiofemoral joint is a hinge and the patellofemoral is a plane
  • patellofemoral: patella with the patellar surface
  • tibiofemoral: condyles of the tibia and the femur
  • involved in flexion, extension and maybe hyperextension
109
Q

can the knee joint have add/abduction movement

A

yes, varus and valgus movement

110
Q

what is varus movement of the knee

A

bow legged
- causes increased stress on the lateral collateral ligament and lose medial collateral ligament
- causes medial contact forces that eventually results in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis

111
Q

what is valgus movement of the knee

A

knock kneed
- causes increased stress on the medial collateral ligament and lose lateral collateral ligament
- causes lateral contact forces and will eventually cause lateral compartment knee osteoarthritis

112
Q

what are the supporting parts of the knee

A
  • lateral and medial menisci
  • ligaments: anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, lateral collateral ligament, and medial collateral ligament
113
Q

what is the role of the lateral and medial menisci

A

for shock absorption and reducing frcition between the condyles of the femury

114
Q

anterior cruciate ligament

A
  • connects the posterior side of the femur to the anterior side of the tibia
  • prevents anterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur
115
Q

posterior cruciate ligament

A
  • connects the anterior side of the femur to posterior side of the tibia
  • presents posterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur
116
Q

why is it called cruciate

A

bc the two ligaments cross each other

117
Q

lateral collacteral ligament

A
  • fibular and femur attachment
  • prevent lateral translation of the knee (preventing varus movement
118
Q

medial collateral ligament

A
  • tibial and femur attachment
  • prevents medial translation of the knee (preventing valgus movement)
119
Q

tibiofibular joint

A
  • has a superior joint and inferior joint
  • superior joint is synovial plane, diarthrotic joint
    - head of the fibula with lateral condyle of the tibia
  • inferior joint is fibrous syndesmoses, synarthrotic joint
    - distal end of fibula and fibular notch of the tibia
  • collectively an amphiarthrotic joint
  • allows for slight rotation of the fibula during dorsiflexion of the foot
120
Q

talocrural (ankle) joint

A
  • synovial, condylar, biaxial, diarthrotic joint
  • between the medial and lateral malleolus with the talus
  • allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
121
Q

intersarsal joints (of feet)

A
  • synovial, plane, uniaxial, diarthrosis joint
  • between the tarsal bones
  • eversion and inversion of the foot
122
Q

tarsometatarsal joint

A
  • synovial, plane, uniaxial, diarthrotic joint
  • the 3 cuneiforms, cuboid, and bases of the five metatarsals
  • slight gliding
123
Q

metatarsalphalangeal

A
  • synovial, condylar, biaxial, diarthrotic joint
  • metatarsals with the base of the proximal phalanages
  • add/abduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension, circumduction
124
Q

interphalangeal joint

A
  • synovial, hinge, uniaxial, diarthrotic joint
  • proximal w/ base of middle, head of middle with base of distal
  • extension, flexion, and possible hyperextension

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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