Chapter 1 Flashcards
How much saliva does a human produce in a lifetime?
enough to fill 2 olympic sized pools
how many times does the muscles in the eye contract each day
around 100,000 times
in ____ a body can produce enough heat to boil _____ of water.
30 minutes, half a gallon
there are ______ capilaries in your lungs
around 300,000,000
_______ of blood vessels can circumnavigate Earth 2 and a half times
60,000 miles
how fast is a nerve impulse
up to 250 mph
a full head of human hair can support _____.
12 tons, 25k lbs
humans have the same amount of hair as a ______
chimpanzee
every pound of fat or muscle gained = ______ of bloodvessels
7 miles
Anatomy
- means to cut, or cut open
- often implies the function of a structure
- comes from the Greek word Anatomia
What are the categories of anatamy
- microscopic
- and gross
what are the subcategories of microscopic anatomy
cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)
microscopic anatomy
structures too small to be seen with an unaided eye
gross anatomy
structures that can be seen with the unaided eye
subcategories of gross anatomy
comparative anatomy
developmental anatomy
embryology
regional anatomy
surface anatomy
Comparative anatomy
studying and comparing structures of different species
developmental anatomy
study structural changes that occur within an individual from conception through maturity
embryology
(a subcategory of developmental anatomy) the study of structural changes from conception to birth
regional anatomy
study of structures with a single region
surface anatomy
study of internal structures as their location relates to regions of skin or other surface materials
systemic anatomy
study of structures involved in specific activity
- needed in order to study regional anatomy
physiology
- the study of function
- interrelated with anatomy
structural organization of the body
chemical
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
what is needed to be classified an organ
at least two different types of tissues
characteristics of living organisms
must possess all to be considered living
what are the 11 organ systems
- integumentary system
- respiratory system
- nervous system
- skeletal system
- muscular system
- cardiovascular system
- lymphatic system
- reproductive system
- urinary system
- digestive system
integumentary system
- provides protection, regulates body temperature
- primary organ: skin
respiratory system
- exchange chemicals with the blood and remove waste
- primary organ: lungs
muscular system
-produces body movement
- primary organ: muscles
skeletal system
- provide structural support
- primary organ: bones
cardiovascular system
- pumps blood, removes and regulates waste
- primary organ: heart
nervous system
- responds to sensory stimuli, helps control body movements
- primary organ: brainl
lymphatic system
- filters bodily fluids, immune response
- primary organ: lymphs
digestive system
- mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients
- primary organ: stomach
urinary system
- removes waste products
- primary organ: urethra or bladder
reproductive system
- development of sex cells
- primary organ: reproductive organs
sections vs. planes
sections: cut or slice through a structure
planes are imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or an organ
anatomical position
- the standard universal posture for comparing structures
- standing uprights, shoulder width feet parallel, head level, looking forwards, arms at side with thumbs pointing away from the body, palms face forward
why are sections helpful
to put together internal structures in a 3D fashion by using sections at a single orientation
types of planes
- coronal (frontal) plane
- transverse (horizontal) plane
- midsagittal (median) plane
- oblique plane
coronal (frontal) plane
- dividing the body in anterior and posterior sections
- motions in this plane include jumpund jacks and abd/adduction
transverse (horizontal) plane
- dividing the body in superior and inferior regions
- movements include twisting, supination/pronation
midsaggital (median) plane
- dividing the body into equal left and right halves
- motions include flexion and extension
sagittal vs. midsagittal
sagittal divides the body into unequal L and R halve while midsagittal is equal halves
oblique plane
passes through a specimen at an angle
anatomic direction
used to describe relative positions of one body structure to another
anatomic direction vocab in regard to front and back of the body
- anterior: front of body, towards the front
- posterior: back of body, toward the back surface
anatomic direction vocab in regard to head or tail of body
superior: towards the head
inferior: towards the feet
anatomic direction vocab in regard to midline or center of the body
medial: toward the midline
lateral: away from the midline
ipsilateral: on the same side
contralateral: on the opposite side
deep (internal): on the inside, underneath
superficial (external): on the outside
anatomic vocab in reagard to point of attachment
proximal: closest to point of attachment to trunk
distal: furthest point of attachment to trunk
regional anatomy
respect to regions of the body
what are the two major regions of the body
axial: head, neck, trunk
appendicular: upper and lower limbs
cephalic region
head region
frontal region
forehead
orbital region
eye
nasal region
nose
buccal region
cheek
oral region
mouth
cervical region
neck
mental region
chin
deltoid region
shoulders
sternal region
sternum
axillary region
armpit
pectoral region
chest
mammary region
breast
thoracic region
sternal, pectoral, mammary, and traps area
brachial region
arm (bicep area)
antecubital region
front of elbow
antebrachial region
forearm
coxal region
hip
carpal region
wrist
palmar region
palm
digital region
finger
manus region
hand
abdominal region
abdomen
cranial region
surrounding the brain
auricular region
ear
occiptal region
back of head
vertebral region
spinal column
olecranal region
elbow
sacral region
sacrum
lumbar region
lower back
antebrachial regio
back of forearm
posterior body cavities
cranial cavity: formed by skull bones
vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column bones
what is the purpose of the posterior body cavity
for protection
ventral body cavities
Thoracic: the superior cavity
abdominopelvic: the inferior cavity
what separates the superior aspect and the inferior ventral cavities
the diaphragm
what separates the abdomen and pelvis areas
an imaginary line between the hip bones
does the cranial cavity have a serous membrane
no serous membrane
does the vertebral canal have a serous membrane
no serous membrane
mediastinum
contains the pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus and major blood vessels
does the mediastinum have a serous membrane
no
what is the pleural
the space that contains the lungs
does the pleural have a serous membrane
pleura
what is pericardial space
where the heart is
does the pericardial space have a serous membrane
yes the pericardium
what is a serous membrane
- a continuous layer divided into two continuous parts
- secretes serous fluid that helps prevent friction between moving organs
what are the two parts of the serous membrane
- parietal layer
- visceral layer
what is the parietal layer of the serous membrane
lines the internal surface of the body wall
what is the visceral layer of the seroud membrane
the inner layer that lines the organ (visceral organ)
name the three parts of the pericardial cavity and the serous membrane
- parietal pericadium
- pericardial cavity with serous fluid
- visceral pericardium
name the three parts of the pleural cavity and the serous membrane
- parietal pleura
- plerual cavity with serous fluid
- visceral pleura
name the three parts of the peritoneal cavity and the serous membrane
- parietal peritoneum
- peritoneal cavity with serous fluid
- visceral peritoneum
where is the heart located
in the mediastinum
what was the common cause of death for many of the cadavers
lung disease specifically mesothelioma
what is mesothelioma
- causes cancer to grow on the layers of the pleura
- common cause is from inhaling asbestos
