Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does Histology come from

A

greek word histos meaning tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of similar cells and extracellular products that perform a common function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the four types of tissue in the body

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

extracellular matrix

A

a substance produced by the cells of a specific tissue and can contain protein, salts, H2O, and dissolved macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do tissues vary in

A
  • structure, function, and content in their ECM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the characteristics of epitheial tissue

A

Avascularity
Polarity
Attachments
Cellularity
High regeneration capacity
Innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • lines every body surface and all body cavities (if there is a opening or cavity will have epithelial tissue)
  • majority of glands are derived from epithelial tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

does epithelial tiessue have an extracellular matrix

A

no there is little not ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

attachment as a characteristic of epithelial tissue

A
  • basal surface of the cell is attached to a thin basement membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

avascularity as a charcateristic of epithelial tissue

A

all epithelial tissues lack blood vessels
- receive their nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

basement membrane

A

an acellular structure produced by both epithelial and underlying connective tissue cells
- provides support and anchoring of epithelial tissue
- acts as a barrier to regulate passage of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

polarity as a characteristic of epithelial tissue

A

have an apical surface and basal surface where they attach to underlying cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cellularity as a characteristic of epithelial tissue

A

composed almost entirely of cells with little extracellular matrix
- cells are tightly packed together and bound together by intercellular junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

do all cells have a basal or apical surface

A

no if they are not simple epithelial tissue some cells may only have a basal surface, some may not have either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

innervation as a characteristic of epithelial tissue

A

richly innervated to detect changes in environment at a body or organ region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

high regeneration capacity as a characteristic of epithelial tissue

A
  • apical surface exposed to environment epithelila cells die frequently
  • must be able to regenerate as quickly as they are lost
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the functions of epithelial tissue

A

physical protection
selective permeability
secretion
sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

physical protection as a function of epithelial tissue

A

keep systems protected from dehydration , abrasion, physical, chemical, or biological damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

selective permeability as a function of epithelial tissue

A

regualte the passage of certain molecules in and out certain region of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

secretion as a function of epithelial tissue

A

some epithelial cells called exocrine cells produce secretions such as sweat or oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sensation as a function of epithelial tissue

A

possess nerve endings that can detect light, taste, sound, smell, and hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

classifications of epithelia by layers

A
  • simple epithelia
  • stratified epithelia
  • pseudostratified epithelia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

simple epithelia

A

single layer of cells with all cells having an apical surface and attached to the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stratified epithelium

A

two or more layers of cells, not all have apical surface nor do all cells attach to basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

cell nuclei give the appearance of a multilayered epithelium but not all cells reach the apical surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

types of cell shape for epithelia classification

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

squamous cell shape

A

flat, wide, and somewhat irregular in shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cuboidal cell shape

A

about the same size on all sides, nucleus centrally located

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

columnar cell shape

A

taller than they are wide, nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

types of simple epithelium

A
  • simple squamous
  • simple cuboidal
  • simple columnar, non ciliated
  • simple columnar, ciliated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

types of stratified epithelium

A
  • stratified squamous, keratinized
  • stratified squamous, nonkeratinized
  • stratified cuboidal
  • stratified columnar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

other types of epithelium

A
  • pseudostratified columnar (always columnar)
  • transitional (cells change shape)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

glands

A

individual cells or multicellular organ performing a secretory function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the funtion of glands

A

produce mucin, hormones, enzymes and waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the two categories of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

endocrine glands

A

do not posses ducts and secrete directly into the interstitial fluid or the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

exocrine glands

A

posses ducts and their cells secrete their products into the ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

connective tissue

A

most diverse, abundant, widely distributed and structurally varies of all 4 tissue types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does connective tissue act as

A

“glue” (ligaments and tensons) and “filler” (adipose tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the characteristics of connective tissue

A

Cells
protein fibers
ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

cells as a characteristic of CT

A

different cells for different types of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

protein fibers as a characteristic of CT

A

strands that are used to provide support and stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

ground substance as a characteristic of CT

A

mixture of proteins and carbohydrates w/ variable amounts of salts and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what would tissue be like without ground substance

A

would be inflexible and dense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is the Extracellular matrix made out of

A

the protein fibers and the ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

Storage
immune protection
transport
physical protection
binding of structures
support and structural framework

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how does connective tissue develop

A
  • arises from the mesoderm (middle layer of an embryo)
  • with two types of embryonic connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are the two embryonic connective tissue

A

mesenchyme and mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

mesenchyme

A

the source of all adult connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is another word for mesenchyme cells

A

StEM cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

mucous

A

found in the umbilical cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

different classifications of connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • supportive connective tissue
  • fluid connective tissue
53
Q

what are the groups of cells in connective tissue

A

resident cells and wandering cells

54
Q

resident cells function and appearance

A

appearance is stationary
functions to maintain and repair extracellular matrix and store materialwa

55
Q

what are examples of resident cells

A

fibroblasts, fixed macrophages, and mesenchymal cells

56
Q

what are wandering cells appearance and function

A

appearance is moving through connective tissue
functions to repair damaged extracellular matrix and active in immune response

57
Q

what are examples of wandering cells

A

mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages, and other leukocytes

58
Q

what are the types of fibers of connective tissue proper

A

collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

59
Q

collagen fibers

A

long unbranching strong flexible and resistant to stretching

60
Q

what percent of of protein fibers in the human body are collagen fibers

A

about 25%

61
Q

elastic fibers

A

thinner than collagen, stretch easily, branch and rejoin

62
Q

what do elastic fibers allow for

A

structures like blood vessels to stretch and relax

63
Q

reticular fibers

A

thinner than collagen fibers, forms branching woven framework

64
Q

where is reticular fibers found in

A

the stroma of organs with abundant spaces

65
Q

ground substance

A

combination of proteins and carbs, with a gelatinous texture, this combined with the fibers allow for tissue stability

66
Q

what does differing contents of the ground substance result in

A

will result in the type of connective tissue
if more gelatinous/semifluid will be more like adipose tissue if less then will be more like bone

67
Q

what are the two categories of connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

68
Q

what are the characteristics of loose connective tissue

A

they have fewer fibers and more ground substance

69
Q

what is the function of loose connective tissue

A

serves as the body’s packing material with spaces around organs

70
Q

tyes of loose connective tissue

A

areolar connective tissue
adipose connective tissue
reticular connective tissue

71
Q

what is areolar connective tissue

A

contains fibroblasts, lesser amounts of collagen and elastic fibers, with viscous ground substance

72
Q

where is areolar connective tissue located

A

located around nerves, subcutaneous layer, and vessels

73
Q

describe the look of areolar connective tissue

A

collagen and elastic fibers are visibly present with fibroblasts

74
Q

what is adipose connective tissue

A

the connective tissue of adipose tissue that is composed of adipocytesweh

75
Q

where is adipose connective tissue found

A

in the subcutaneous layer surrounding kidneys and other selected organs

76
Q

descirbe the structure of adipose connective tissue

A

roundish shaped adipocytes with blood vessels

77
Q

what is reticular connective tissue

A

connective tissue found in stroma of spleen and liver and other lymphatic organs consisting of a meshwork of reticular fibers, fibroblasts and leukocytes

78
Q

what is dense connective tissue

A

has more fibers than loose and less ground substance, protein fibers are densly packed together (mostly collagen)

79
Q

what are the types of dense connective tissue

A
  • dense regular connective tissue
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • and elastic connective tissue
80
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

collagen strands densly packed together side by side parellel to the direction of force/stress

81
Q

what is the function of dense regular connective tissue

A

provides great strength and flexibility primary in a single direction

82
Q

what are examples of dense regular connective tissue

A

tendons and ligament

83
Q
A
84
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

densly packed collagen that is interwoven, irregularly clumped and projects in all directions

85
Q

where is dense irregular connective tissue found

A

in the dermis (the inner most layer of skin) and the capsule of organs

86
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

elastic and collagen fibers arranged irregularly

87
Q

what is the function of elastic connective tissue

A

provides framework and supports organs

88
Q

where can elastic connective tissue be foun

A

the walls of large arteries

89
Q

supporting connective tissue

A

another type of connective tissue

90
Q

what are the types of supportive connective tissue

A

cartalige and bones

91
Q

what is cartilage

A

firm gel-like extracellular matrix composed of protein and ground substance that help to support and withstand deformation

92
Q

what are the cells of cartilage

A

chondrocytes which are found in the spaces called lacunae

93
Q

what are the types of cartilage

A
  • hyline cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic cartilage
94
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

slippery and smooth tissue that is located on the distal and proximal ends of bones and in between ribs to help absorb force

95
Q

what is the most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage but it also the most weakest

96
Q

what does hyaline cartialage look like

A

lots of ECM with chondrocytes and the lacunae floating around

97
Q

fibrocartilage

A

densely woven collagen fibers contribute to the durability, more collagen, less ground substance

98
Q

where is fibrocartilage mostly found in

A

the vertebral column (between discs) and between the hip bones

99
Q

elastic cartilage

A

has abundant elastic fibers with the chondrocytes

100
Q

what is the difference between elastic CT proper and elastic cartialge

A

Elastic CT proper has fibroblasts instead of the chondrocytes

101
Q

what are the cells of bones called

A

cells are called osteocytes

102
Q

what is the ECM of bones

A

mixture of collagen and calcium salts

103
Q

what does the ECM of bones do

A

provides flexibility from organic components and compressional strength

104
Q

what is the structure of a calcified matrix called in a bone

A

an osteon

105
Q

spongy bones

A
  • the inner part of bones
  • helps to lessen the weight of a bone but still support
106
Q

compact bone

A

surrounds spongy bone and is tough and compact

107
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

refers to the blood

108
Q

what are the components of fluid connective tissue

A

plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

109
Q

what is plasma

A

watery ground substance containing protein fibers

110
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

111
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

112
Q

platelets

A

fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting

113
Q

what is the fluid distribution in the body

A

TBW = 60%
1/3 of TBW is ECF and 2/3 of TBW is ICF
7% of ECF is Plasma and 28% is ISF

114
Q

of the ECF what is plasma considered

A

intravascular

115
Q

of the ECF what is ISF considered

A

extravascular

116
Q

what is a part of ISF

A
  • Cerebral spinal fluid
  • fluid in the eyes and ears
  • serous fluid
  • synovial fluid
117
Q

what happens to the tissues when they age

A

they change in form, size, and number

118
Q

metaplasia

A

epithelia lining the respiratory airways of people who smoke change from pseudostratified ciliated to stratified squamous

119
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in the size of existing cells

120
Q

hyperplasia

A

an increase in the number of cells in the tissue

121
Q

neoplasia

A

out-of-control growth which results in the formation of a tumor

122
Q

atrophy

A

shrinkage of tissue by cell size or number

123
Q

what are the types of body membranes

A

epithelial membranes and CT membranes

124
Q

what are the types of epithelial membranes

A

Cutaneous, mucous, and serous

125
Q

what are the types of CT membranes

A

synovial

126
Q

cutaneous membranes

A
  • epidermis of skin
  • stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
127
Q

mucous membranes

A
  • epithelial cells resting on a CT membrane
  • lines all body cavities that open to body exterior
  • secretes mucous to prevent cavity from drying out or trapping particles
128
Q

serous membrane

A

simple squamous epithelium

129
Q

synovial membrane

A
  • lines the cavities of freely moving parts that are not open to exterior
  • loose areolar CT, elastic fibers, fat
  • has synovial fluid which lubricates and nourishes cartilage

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions