Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Where does Histology come from
A
greek word histos meaning tissues
2
Q
what is a tissue
A
a group of similar cells and extracellular products that perform a common function
3
Q
what are the four types of tissue in the body
A
- Epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
4
Q
extracellular matrix
A
a substance produced by the cells of a specific tissue and can contain protein, salts, H2O, and dissolved macromolecules
5
Q
what do tissues vary in
A
- structure, function, and content in their ECM
6
Q
what are the characteristics of epitheial tissue
A
Avascularity
Polarity
Attachments
Cellularity
High regeneration capacity
Innervation
7
Q
epithelial tissue
A
- lines every body surface and all body cavities (if there is a opening or cavity will have epithelial tissue)
- majority of glands are derived from epithelial tissue
8
Q
does epithelial tiessue have an extracellular matrix
A
no there is little not ECM
9
Q
attachment as a characteristic of epithelial tissue
A
- basal surface of the cell is attached to a thin basement membrane
10
Q
avascularity as a charcateristic of epithelial tissue
A
all epithelial tissues lack blood vessels
- receive their nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissues
11
Q
basement membrane
A
an acellular structure produced by both epithelial and underlying connective tissue cells
- provides support and anchoring of epithelial tissue
- acts as a barrier to regulate passage of molecules
12
Q
polarity as a characteristic of epithelial tissue
A
have an apical surface and basal surface where they attach to underlying cells
13
Q
cellularity as a characteristic of epithelial tissue
A
composed almost entirely of cells with little extracellular matrix
- cells are tightly packed together and bound together by intercellular junctions
14
Q
do all cells have a basal or apical surface
A
no if they are not simple epithelial tissue some cells may only have a basal surface, some may not have either
15
Q
innervation as a characteristic of epithelial tissue
A
richly innervated to detect changes in environment at a body or organ region
16
Q
high regeneration capacity as a characteristic of epithelial tissue
A
- apical surface exposed to environment epithelila cells die frequently
- must be able to regenerate as quickly as they are lost
17
Q
what are the functions of epithelial tissue
A
physical protection
selective permeability
secretion
sensation
18
Q
physical protection as a function of epithelial tissue
A
keep systems protected from dehydration , abrasion, physical, chemical, or biological damage
19
Q
selective permeability as a function of epithelial tissue
A
regualte the passage of certain molecules in and out certain region of the body
20
Q
secretion as a function of epithelial tissue
A
some epithelial cells called exocrine cells produce secretions such as sweat or oil
21
Q
sensation as a function of epithelial tissue
A
possess nerve endings that can detect light, taste, sound, smell, and hearing
22
Q
classifications of epithelia by layers
A
- simple epithelia
- stratified epithelia
- pseudostratified epithelia
23
Q
simple epithelia
A
single layer of cells with all cells having an apical surface and attached to the basement membrane
24
Q
stratified epithelium
A
two or more layers of cells, not all have apical surface nor do all cells attach to basement membrane
25
pseudostratified epithelium
cell nuclei give the appearance of a multilayered epithelium but not all cells reach the apical surface
26
types of cell shape for epithelia classification
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
27
squamous cell shape
flat, wide, and somewhat irregular in shape
28
cuboidal cell shape
about the same size on all sides, nucleus centrally located
29
columnar cell shape
taller than they are wide, nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell
30
types of simple epithelium
- simple squamous
- simple cuboidal
- simple columnar, non ciliated
- simple columnar, ciliated
31
types of stratified epithelium
- stratified squamous, keratinized
- stratified squamous, nonkeratinized
- stratified cuboidal
- stratified columnar
32
other types of epithelium
- pseudostratified columnar (always columnar)
- transitional (cells change shape)
33
glands
individual cells or multicellular organ performing a secretory function
34
what is the funtion of glands
produce mucin, hormones, enzymes and waste products
35
what are the two categories of glands
exocrine and endocrine glands
36
endocrine glands
do not posses ducts and secrete directly into the interstitial fluid or the bloodstream
37
exocrine glands
posses ducts and their cells secrete their products into the ducts
38
connective tissue
most diverse, abundant, widely distributed and structurally varies of all 4 tissue types
39
what does connective tissue act as
"glue" (ligaments and tensons) and "filler" (adipose tissue)
40
what are the characteristics of connective tissue
Cells
protein fibers
ground substance
41
cells as a characteristic of CT
different cells for different types of connective tissue
42
protein fibers as a characteristic of CT
strands that are used to provide support and stability
43
ground substance as a characteristic of CT
mixture of proteins and carbohydrates w/ variable amounts of salts and water
44
what would tissue be like without ground substance
would be inflexible and dense
45
what is the Extracellular matrix made out of
the protein fibers and the ground substance
46
functions of connective tissue
Storage
immune protection
transport
physical protection
binding of structures
support and structural framework
47
how does connective tissue develop
- arises from the mesoderm (middle layer of an embryo)
- with two types of embryonic connective tissue
48
what are the two embryonic connective tissue
mesenchyme and mucous
49
mesenchyme
the source of all adult connective tissue
50
what is another word for mesenchyme cells
StEM cells
51
mucous
found in the umbilical cord
52
different classifications of connective tissue
- connective tissue proper
- supportive connective tissue
- fluid connective tissue
53
what are the groups of cells in connective tissue
resident cells and wandering cells
54
resident cells function and appearance
appearance is stationary
functions to maintain and repair extracellular matrix and store materialwa
55
what are examples of resident cells
fibroblasts, fixed macrophages, and mesenchymal cells
56
what are wandering cells appearance and function
appearance is moving through connective tissue
functions to repair damaged extracellular matrix and active in immune response
57
what are examples of wandering cells
mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages, and other leukocytes
58
what are the types of fibers of connective tissue proper
collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers
59
collagen fibers
long unbranching strong flexible and resistant to stretching
60
what percent of of protein fibers in the human body are collagen fibers
about 25%
61
elastic fibers
thinner than collagen, stretch easily, branch and rejoin
62
what do elastic fibers allow for
structures like blood vessels to stretch and relax
63
reticular fibers
thinner than collagen fibers, forms branching woven framework
64
where is reticular fibers found in
the stroma of organs with abundant spaces
65
ground substance
combination of proteins and carbs, with a gelatinous texture, this combined with the fibers allow for tissue stability
66
what does differing contents of the ground substance result in
will result in the type of connective tissue
if more gelatinous/semifluid will be more like adipose tissue if less then will be more like bone
67
what are the two categories of connective tissue
loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
68
what are the characteristics of loose connective tissue
they have fewer fibers and more ground substance
69
what is the function of loose connective tissue
serves as the body's packing material with spaces around organs
70
tyes of loose connective tissue
areolar connective tissue
adipose connective tissue
reticular connective tissue
71
what is areolar connective tissue
contains fibroblasts, lesser amounts of collagen and elastic fibers, with viscous ground substance
72
where is areolar connective tissue located
located around nerves, subcutaneous layer, and vessels
73
describe the look of areolar connective tissue
collagen and elastic fibers are visibly present with fibroblasts
74
what is adipose connective tissue
the connective tissue of adipose tissue that is composed of adipocytesweh
75
where is adipose connective tissue found
in the subcutaneous layer surrounding kidneys and other selected organs
76
descirbe the structure of adipose connective tissue
roundish shaped adipocytes with blood vessels
77
what is reticular connective tissue
connective tissue found in stroma of spleen and liver and other lymphatic organs consisting of a meshwork of reticular fibers, fibroblasts and leukocytes
78
what is dense connective tissue
has more fibers than loose and less ground substance, protein fibers are densly packed together (mostly collagen)
79
what are the types of dense connective tissue
- dense regular connective tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue
- and elastic connective tissue
80
dense regular connective tissue
collagen strands densly packed together side by side parellel to the direction of force/stress
81
what is the function of dense regular connective tissue
provides great strength and flexibility primary in a single direction
82
what are examples of dense regular connective tissue
tendons and ligament
83
84
dense irregular connective tissue
densly packed collagen that is interwoven, irregularly clumped and projects in all directions
85
where is dense irregular connective tissue found
in the dermis (the inner most layer of skin) and the capsule of organs
86
elastic connective tissue
elastic and collagen fibers arranged irregularly
87
what is the function of elastic connective tissue
provides framework and supports organs
88
where can elastic connective tissue be foun
the walls of large arteries
89
supporting connective tissue
another type of connective tissue
90
what are the types of supportive connective tissue
cartalige and bones
91
what is cartilage
firm gel-like extracellular matrix composed of protein and ground substance that help to support and withstand deformation
92
what are the cells of cartilage
chondrocytes which are found in the spaces called lacunae
93
what are the types of cartilage
- hyline cartilage
- fibrocartilage
- elastic cartilage
94
hyaline cartilage
slippery and smooth tissue that is located on the distal and proximal ends of bones and in between ribs to help absorb force
95
what is the most common type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage but it also the most weakest
96
what does hyaline cartialage look like
lots of ECM with chondrocytes and the lacunae floating around
97
fibrocartilage
densely woven collagen fibers contribute to the durability, more collagen, less ground substance
98
where is fibrocartilage mostly found in
the vertebral column (between discs) and between the hip bones
99
elastic cartilage
has abundant elastic fibers with the chondrocytes
100
what is the difference between elastic CT proper and elastic cartialge
Elastic CT proper has fibroblasts instead of the chondrocytes
101
what are the cells of bones called
cells are called osteocytes
102
what is the ECM of bones
mixture of collagen and calcium salts
103
what does the ECM of bones do
provides flexibility from organic components and compressional strength
104
what is the structure of a calcified matrix called in a bone
an osteon
105
spongy bones
- the inner part of bones
- helps to lessen the weight of a bone but still support
106
compact bone
surrounds spongy bone and is tough and compact
107
fluid connective tissue
refers to the blood
108
what are the components of fluid connective tissue
plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
109
what is plasma
watery ground substance containing protein fibers
110
erythrocytes
red blood cells
111
leukocytes
white blood cells
112
platelets
fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting
113
what is the fluid distribution in the body
TBW = 60%
1/3 of TBW is ECF and 2/3 of TBW is ICF
7% of ECF is Plasma and 28% is ISF
114
of the ECF what is plasma considered
intravascular
115
of the ECF what is ISF considered
extravascular
116
what is a part of ISF
- Cerebral spinal fluid
- fluid in the eyes and ears
- serous fluid
- synovial fluid
117
what happens to the tissues when they age
they change in form, size, and number
118
metaplasia
epithelia lining the respiratory airways of people who smoke change from pseudostratified ciliated to stratified squamous
119
hypertrophy
an increase in the size of existing cells
120
hyperplasia
an increase in the number of cells in the tissue
121
neoplasia
out-of-control growth which results in the formation of a tumor
122
atrophy
shrinkage of tissue by cell size or number
123
what are the types of body membranes
epithelial membranes and CT membranes
124
what are the types of epithelial membranes
Cutaneous, mucous, and serous
125
what are the types of CT membranes
synovial
126
cutaneous membranes
- epidermis of skin
- stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
127
mucous membranes
- epithelial cells resting on a CT membrane
- lines all body cavities that open to body exterior
- secretes mucous to prevent cavity from drying out or trapping particles
128
serous membrane
simple squamous epithelium
129
synovial membrane
- lines the cavities of freely moving parts that are not open to exterior
- loose areolar CT, elastic fibers, fat
- has synovial fluid which lubricates and nourishes cartilage
