Chapter 11 Flashcards
where are the origins and insertions of the Axial muscles
both origin and insertions on the axial skeleton
functions of the axial muscles
- support the head and spinal column
- used in facial expression, chewing, and swallowing
- aid in breathing
support and protection of the abdominal and pelvic organs
where do most of the muscles of the head and neck originate from
the hyoid bone
origin of the muscles for facial expression
superficial fascia or on the skull bones
insertion for the muscles of the facial expression
into the superficial fascia of the skin
what is the function of the muscles of facial expression
changes in facial expression
occipitofrontalis location
from the forehead to the occipital bone
functions of the occipitofrontalis
raising the eyebrows, wrinkling the skin of the forehead, moving scalp
innervation of the occipitofrontalis
facial nerve
orbicularis oculi
muscle surrounding the orbit
functions of the orbicularis oculi
closes eye, produces winking, blinking, squinting
innervation of the orbicularis oculi
facial nerve
function of the platysma
tenses the skin of the neck, pulls lower lip inferiorly
innervation of the platysma
facial nerve
function of the orbicularis oris
compresses and purses lips (kissing muscle)
innervation of the orbicularis oris
facial nerve
where is the orbicularis oris located
around the mouth
function of the risorius
draws the corner of lips laterally, tenses lips
what is a synergist for the zygomaticus
the risorius
innervation of the risorius
facial nerve
functions of the zygomaticus major
elevates the corner of the mouth (smile muscle)
innervation of the zygomaticus major
facial nerve
functions of buccinator
compress cheecks (holds food between teeth during chewing) trumpet blowing muscle
innervation of the buccinator
facial nerve
how many muscles are involved in moving the eye
6
what are the muscles that move the eye
- medial, lateral, inferior, and superior rectus muscles
- inferior and superior oblique muscles
where do the muscles that move the eye originate from
a common tendinous ring in the posterior orbit and inserts onto the outer surface of the eye
actions of the medial rectus
moves eyes medially (adducts eye)
innervatin of medial rectus
CN III (oculomotor nerve)
functions of lateral rectus
moves eye laterally (abducts eye)
innervation of lateral rectus
CN VI (abducens nerve)
functions of inferior rectus
moves eye inferiorly (depresses eye) and medially (adducts)
innervation of inferior rectus
CN III (oculomotor nerve)
function of superior rectus
moves eye superiorly (elevates eye) and medially (adducts)
innervation of superior rectus
CN III (oculomotor nerve)
function of inferior oblique
moves eye superiorly and laterally
innervation of inferior oblique
CN III (oculomotor nerve)
functions of superior oblique
moves eye inferiorly (depresses eye) and laterally
innervation of superior oblique
CN IV (trochlear nerve)
main functions of the muscles of mastication
involved in the process of chewing, moving mandible and TMJ
what is the innervation of all muscles of mastication
CN V trigeminal nerve
functions of the temporalis
elevates and retracts mandible
functions of the masseter
elevates and protracts mandible, prime mover of jaw closure
function of medial pterygoid
elevates and protracts mandible, produces side to side movement of mandible
functions of the lateral pterygoid
protracts mandible, produces side to sie movement of mandible
functions of the sternocleidomastoid
unilateral action: lateral flexion, rotation of head to opposite side
bilateral action: flexes neck
origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid
o: mabubrium and sternal end of clavicle
i: mastoid process
innervation of the sternocleidomastoid
accessory nerve
functions of the erector spinae
maintain posture and help stand erect.
bilateral contraction: extends the spinal column
unilateral contraction: flexes the column laterally
what are the muscles of respiration
- external intercostals
- internal intercostals
- diaphragm
functions of external intercostals
elevates the ribs during inhalation
origin and insertion of the external intercostals
o: inferior border of superior rib
i: superior border of the inferior rib
innervation of the external intercostals
thoracic spinal nerves
functions of the internal intercostals
depresses the ribs during forced exhalation
origin and insertions of the internal intercostals
o: superior border of the inferior rib
i: inferior border of the superior rib
innervation of the external intercostals
thoracic spinal nerves
action of the diaphragm
contraction causes flattening of diaphragm = expansion of the thoracic cavity, increasing pressure in abdominopelvic cavity
origin and insertion of the diaphragm
o: inferior internal surface of ribs 7-12, xiphoid process of sternum and costal cartilages of inferior 6 ribs, lumbar vertebrae
i: central tendon
innervation of the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
action of the external obliques
unilateral: lateral flexion of vertebral column, rotation of vertebral column
bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall used in forced exhalation
innervation of the external obliques
spinal nerves
action of the internal oblique
unilateral: lateral flexion of vertebral column, rotation of vertebral column
bilateral action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall
innervation of the interal oblique
spinal nerves
action of the transverse abdominis
unilateral: lateral flexion of vertebral column
bilateral: flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall, used in forced exhaustion
innervation of transverse abdominis
spinal nerves
action of rectus abdominis
flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall, used in forced exhalation
innervation of rectus abdominis
spinal nerves
what are the muscles that mvoe the hip joint/thigh
- psoas major
- iliacus
- sartorius
- rectus femoris
orign and insertion of psoas major
o: transverse process and bodies of lumbar vertebra
i: lesser trochantero of femur
actions of the psoas major
flexion of thight/hip joint
innervation of the psoas major
branches of the lumbar plexus (femoral nerve)
what is a vestigial muscle in the muscles that move the hip and thigh
psoas minor
origin and insertion of sartorius
o: anterior superior iliac spine
i: medial side of tibial tuberosity
action of sartorius
flexes thigh and rotates thigh laterally, flexes leg and medially rotates leg
innervation of sartorius
femoral nerve
what is the sartorius also known as
the tailors muscle
origin and insertion of rectus femoris
o: anterior inferior iliac spine
i: quadriceps tendon to patella and then patellar ligament
actions of the rectus femoris
flexes thigh, extends leg
innervation of rectus femoris
femoral nerve
origin and insertion of iliacus
o: iliac fossa
i: lesser trochanter of femur with psoas major
actions of the iliacus
flexes thigh
innervation of the iliacus
femoral nerve
muscles that move the hip joint/thigh
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
- piriformis
- superior gemellus
- inferior gemellus
- obturator internus
- quadratys femoris
origin and insertion of gluteus maximus
o: iliac crest, sacrum, cocyx
i: iliotibial tract of fascia late, linea aspera and gluteul tuberoistu of femur
actions of gluteus maximus
extends thigh, laterally rotates thigh
innervation of glutues maximus
gluteul nerve
origin and insertion of gluteus medius
o: posterior iliac crest, lateral surface between posterior and anterior glutuel lines
i: greater trochanter of femur
actions of gluteus medius
abducts thigh, medially rotates thigh
innervation of the gluteus medius
gluteul nevrve
origin and action gluteus minimus
o: lateral surface of ilium betwen inferior and anterior gluteul lines
i: greater trochanter of femur
actions of the gluteus minimus
abducts thigh, medially rotates thigh
innervation of the gluteus minimus
gluteul nerve
origin and insertion of piriformis
o: anterolateral surface of sacrum
i: greater trochanter
action of piriformis
laterally rotates thigh
innervation of piriformis
nerve to piriformis
origin and insertion of superior gamellus
o: ischial spine and tuberosity
i: obturator internus tendon (greater trochanter)
action of the superior gamellus
laterally rotates thigh
innervation of superior gamellus
nerve to obturator internus
origin and insertion of obturator internus
o: posterior surface of obturator membrane, margins of obturator foramen
i: greater trochanter
actions of the obturator internus
laterally rotates thigh
innervation of obturator internus
nerve to obturator internus
origin and insertion of inferior gamellus
o: ischial tuberosity
i: obturator internus tendon (greater trochanter)
actions of the inferior gamellus
laterally rotate thigh
innervation of inferior gamellus
nerve to quadratus femoris
origin and insertion of quadratus femoris
o: lateral border of ischial tuberosity
i: intertrochanteric crest
actions of the quadratus femoris
laterally rotates thigh
innervation of quadratus femoris
nerve to quadratus femoris
muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh
- adductor longus
- adductor brevis
- gracilis
- pectineus
- adductor magnus
- obturator externus
what muscles make up the iliotibial band
tensor fascia lata, with gluteus maximus
origin and insertion of adductor longus
o: pubis near pubic symphysis
i: linea aspera of femur
actions of the adductor longus
adducts thigh, flexes thigh
innervation of the adductor longus
obturator nerve
origin and insertion adductor brevis
o: inferior ramus and body of pubis
i: upper third of linea aspera of femur
actions of the adductor brevis
adducts thigh, flexes thigh
innervation of adductor brevis
obturator nerve
origin and insertion of gracilis
o: inferior ramus and body of pubis
i: upper medial surface of tibia
actions of the gracilis
adducts and flexes thigh, flexes leg
inervation of the gracilis
obturator nerve
origin and insertion of pectinius
o: pectineal line of pubis
i: pectineal line of femur
actions of the pectinius
adducts thigh, flexes thigh
innervation of the pectinius
femoral nerve or obturator nerve
origin and insertion of adductor magnust
o: inferior ramus of pubis and ischial tuberosity
i: hamstring part linea aspera of femur adductor part: adductor tubercle of femur
actions of adductor magnus
adducts thigh, flexes thigh (adductor part), extends and laterally rotates thigh (hamstring part)
innervation of adductor magnus
adductor part: obturator nerve
hamstring part: tibial division of sciatic nerve
origin and insertion of tensor fascia latae
o: iliac crest and lateral surface of anterior superior iliac spine
i: iliotibial band
actions of the tensor fascia latae
abducts and medially rotates the thigh
innervation of tensor fascia latae
superior gluteul nerve
muscles of the posterior thigh compartment
- biceps femoris
- semimembranosus
- semitendinosus
origin and insertion biceps femoris
o: long head: ischial tuberosity
short head: linea aspera of femur
i: head of fibula
actions of the biceps femoris
extends thigh, flexes leg, laterally rotates leg
innervation of the biceps femoris
long head: tibial division of sciatic nerve
short head: common fobular division of sciatic nerve
origin and insertion of semimembranosus
o: ischial tuberosity
i: posterior surface of medial condyle
actions of the semimembranosus
extends thigh and flexes leg, medially rotates leg
innervation of the semimembranosus
tibial nerve
origin and insertion of semitendinosus
o: ishcial tuberosity
i: proximal medial surface of tibia
actions of semitendinosus
extends thigh and flexes leg, medially rotates leg
innervation of semitendinosus
tibial nerve
origin and insertion of rectus femoris
o: anterior inferior iliac spine
i: quadriceps tendon to patella and then patelllar ligament to tibial tuberosity
actions of rectus femoris
extens leg, flexes thigh
innervation of rectus femoris
femoral nerve
vastus intermedius
o: anterolateral surface of femur
i: quadriceps tendon to patella and then patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
action of vastus intermedius
extends leg
innervation of the vastus intermedius
femoral nerve
origin and insertion of vastus lateralis
o: greater trochanter and linea aspera
i: quadriceps tendon to patella and then patellllar liagemt to tibial tuberosity
actions of the vastus lateralis
extends the leg
innervation of the vastus lateralis
femoral nerve
origin and insertion of the vastus medialis
o: intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur
i: quadriceps tendon to the patella to the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity
actions of the vastus medialis
extends the leg
innervation of the vastus medialis
femoral nerve
what muscles are activated on the way down from a squat
the glutes and the hamstring (for the hip)
what are the muscles that are activated on the way up of a squat
the extensors of the hip and knee joint (quads)
at what point is the maximum glute activation
below 90 degrees of a squat
what are the muscles that perform abduction at the hip/thigh
- glutues medius
- gluteus maximus
- tensor fasciae latae
what are the muslces that perform adduction at the hip/thigh
- adductor brevis
- adductor longus
- adductor brevis
- gracilis
- pectineus
what are the muscles that perform extension of the hip/ thigh joint
- gluteus maximus
- adductor magnus (hamstring part)
- long head of biceps femoris
- semimembranosus
- semitendonosis
muscles that perform flexion of the hip/thigh
- iliopsoas
- adductor brevis
- adductor longus
- adductor magnus
- pectinius
- sartorious
- rectus femoris
- gracilis
muscles that perform lateral rotation of the hip/thigh
- adductor magnus
- gluteus maximus
- sartorious
- obturator internus
- piriformis
- superior gamellus
- inferior gamellus
- quadratus femoris
muscles that perform medial rotation of the thigh/hip
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
- tensor fascia latae
what are the three compartments of the lower leg
anterior, posterior, and lateral
muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor hallicus longus
- fibularis tertius
- tibialis anterior
what is another name for the four anterior muscles of the leg
crural muscles since they cross the ankle joint
origin and insertion of the extensor digitorum longus
o: tibia, fibula, interosseous border
i: distal phalanges of toes 2-5
actions of the extensor digitorum longus
extends toes 2-5, dorsiflexes foot
innervation of the extensor digitorum longus
deep fibular nerve
origin and insretion of the tibialis anterior
o: tibia and interosseous border
i: metatarsal I and first medial cuneiform
actions of the tibialis anterior
dorsiflexes floot, inverts foot (prevents overpronation)
innervation of the tibialis anterior
deep fibular nerve
what is adult-acquired flatfoot
a common condition in adults (sedentary or lack of activation) where the tibialis anterior wakens and is unable to support the arch
origin and insertion of the fibularis tertius
o: fibula and interosseous border
i: base of metacarpal V
actions of the fibularis tertius
dorsiflexes and weakly everts the foot
innervation of the fibularus tertius
deep fibular nerve
origin and insertion of extensor hallicus longus
o: fibula and interosseous border
i: distal phalanx of great toe I
actions of the extensor hallicus longus
extends great toe (I) and dorsiflexes foot
innervations of extensor hallicus longus
deep fibular nerve
muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg
- fibularis longus
- fibularis brevis
origin and insertion of fibularis longus
o: head and superior two thirds of shaft of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia
i: base of metatarsal I , medial cuneiform
actions of the fibularis longus
everts foot, weak planatar flexor
innervation of fibularis longus
superficial fibular nerve
innervation of the fibularis longus
superficial fibular nerve
origin and insertion of fibularis brevus
o: fibula and interosseous border
i: base of metatarsal I, medial cuneiform
actions of the fibularis brevus
everts foot, weak plantar flexor
innervation of fibularis brevis
superficial fibular nerve
origin and insertion of fibularis gastrocnemius
o: superior posterior surface of lateral nad medial condyles of femur
i: calcaneus
action of the gastrocnemius
flexes leg, plantar flexes foot
innervation of the gastrocnemius
tibial nerve
origin and insertion of soleus
o: head and proximal shaft of fibula, medial border of tibia
i: calcaneus
actions of the soleus
plantar flexes foot
innervation of the soleus
tibial nerve
origin and insertion of plantaris
o: lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
i: posterior region of calcaneus
actions of the plantaris
weak leg flexor and plantar flexor
innervation of the plantaris
tibial nerve
origin and insertion of flexor digitorum longus
o: posteromedial surface of tibia
i: distal phalanges of toes 2-5
actions of the flexor digitorum longus
plantar flexes foot, flexes MP, PIP, DIP joints of toes 2-5
innervation of the flexor digitorum longus
tibial nerve
origin and insertion of flexor hallicus longus
o: posterior inferior two thirds of fibula
i: distal phalanx of great toe
actions of the flexor hallicus longus
plantar flexes foot, flexes MP and IP joints of big toe
innervation of flexor hallicus longus
tibial nerve
origin and insertion of tibialis posterior
o: fibula, tibia, and interosseous membrane
i: metatarsals II-IV, navicular bone, cuboid bone, all cuneiforms
actions of the tibialis posterior
plantar flexes foot, inverts foot
innervation of the tibialis posterior
tibial nerve
origin and insertion of popliteus
o: lateral condyle of femur
i: posterior, proximal surface of tibia
actions of the tibialis posterior:
plantar flexes foot, inverts foot