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Human Anatomy > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

approximately how many muscles are in the body that forms the muscular system

A

around 700 muscles

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2
Q

what are the three types of muscle in the body

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated muscle under voluntary control

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4
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated muscle under involuntary control

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5
Q

smooth muscle

A

non striated muscle under involuntary control

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6
Q

what does striated muscle mean

A

it has dark and light bands

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7
Q

what are the properties of muscle tissue

A
  • exciatability
  • contractility
  • elasticity
  • extensibility
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8
Q

excitability as a property of muscle tissue

A

muscle cells are responsive to input from stimuli

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9
Q

contractility as a property of muscle tissue

A
  • stimulation of muscle fiber can lead to contraction and shortening of muscle fiber
  • concentric movements
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10
Q

elasticity as a property of the muscle tissue

A

contracted muscle cells can treturn to resting length when applied tension is removed

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11
Q

extensibility as a property of muscle tissue

A

ability of muscle fiber to be stretched beyond its resting length
- eccentric movement

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of skeletal muscles

A
  • each muscle is considered an organ
  • striated: marked with long thin parallel streaks
  • usually attached to bones
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13
Q

what are the functions of skeletal muscle

A
  • support
  • temperature regulation
  • maintenance of posture
  • body movement
  • storage + movement of materials
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14
Q

gross anatomy of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • muscle fibers are organized into bundles called fascicles
  • muscle fibers contain myofibrils
  • myofibrils are composed of myofilaments
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15
Q

what are the components of the connective tissue of skeletal muscle

A

3 layers of concentric connective tissue composed of collagen and elastic fibers

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16
Q

what is the function of the connective tissue within skeletal muscles

A
  • provide protection
  • the sites for blood vessels and nerve distribution
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17
Q

endomysium

A
  • areolar CT
  • the innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber
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18
Q

perimysium

A
  • dense irregular CT
  • surrounds the fasicles
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19
Q

epimysium

A
  • dense irregular CT
  • surrounds the entire muscle
  • has deep fascia and superficial fascia
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20
Q

deep fascia

A

surrounds each muscle and separates muscel from each other

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21
Q

superficial fascia

A

separates muscle from skin

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22
Q

muscle attachments

A

at the ends of each muscle all CT merge to form a tendon

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23
Q

tendons

A

attaches muscles to bone, skin, or another muscle

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24
Q

what percentage of tendons are muscle to bone

A

90%

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25
Q

what percent of tendons are muscle to skin or another muscle

A

10%

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26
Q

what appearance to tendons have

A
  • a cordlike appearance
  • sometimes aponeurosis appearance
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27
Q

what is an aponeurosis appearance

A

appears as a flat sheet

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28
Q

upon contraction of the muscle what happens to the articulating bones

A

one articulating bone is moved the other does not move

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29
Q

origin

A

less moveable point of attachment

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30
Q

insertion

A

more moveable point of attachment

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31
Q

what is the microscopic anatomy of skeletal tissue

A
  • sarcolemma
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • myofibrils
  • myofilaments (actin and myosin)
  • sarcomere
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32
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of the muscle fibers

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33
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of the muscle fibers

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34
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth ER of the muscle fibers

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35
Q

myofibrils

A

cylindrical structures that extend the entire length of cell

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36
Q

myofilaments

A
  • short bundles of proteins that comprise a myofibril
  • organized of repetitive groupings
  • two types (thick and thin filaments)
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37
Q

thick filaments

A
  • composed of bundled molecules of myosin
  • 11 nm in diameter
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38
Q

myosin

A

single molecule has a head and elongated tail
- heads are what forms the crossbridges with thing filaments during contraction

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39
Q

thin filaments

A
  • composed of 2 strands of spherical molecules twisted around each other
  • 5-6 nm in diameter
  • has 2 regulatory proteins
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40
Q

what are the two types of actin molecules

A

F actin and G actin

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41
Q

sarcomere

A

functional contractile unit in skeletal muscle fibers

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42
Q

parts of a sarcomere

A
  • A band
  • I band
  • H zone
  • M line
  • Z disc
43
Q

A band

A
  • region of the sarcomere that contains the myosin (thick filament) and overlapping part of actin
  • dark
  • has no change in length during contraction
44
Q

I band

A
  • region of the sarcomere that contains the actin filaments and actin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres
  • light
  • changes in length during contraction
45
Q

H zone

A
  • light central region of the A band that only consists of the myosin
  • changes in length during contraction
46
Q

M line

A

protein meshwork in the H zone that keeps the thick filaments aligned

47
Q

Z disc

A

protein structure in the middle of the I band that serves as an attachment site for one end of thin filaments

48
Q

how does a contraction occur

A
  • muscle fibers shorten by interactions between thick and thin filaments
  • generates tension
49
Q

motor unit

A

a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

50
Q

how many muscle fibers does a single motor unit control

A

typically controls only some

51
Q

how are the size of motor units related to the degree of control

A

inversly

52
Q

all or none principle

A
  • muscle fibers contract completely or not at all
  • if a motor unit is stimulated all fibers under its control will contract not just some
53
Q

muscle tone

A

constant tension ina resting muscle

54
Q

how do muscles avoid fatigue

A
  • motor units are stimulated randomly
  • a few at first then rotates with other motor units
55
Q

what are the two types of muscle contractions

A

isometric and isotonic

56
Q

isometric contraction

A
  • length is constant, tension is changing
  • muscle tension < resistance
57
Q

isotonic contraction

A
  • tension is constant and length is changing
  • muscle tension >= resistance
  • concentric and eccentric contraction
58
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle is shortening

59
Q

eccentric contraction

A
  • muscle is lengthening
  • helps to slow down movements
60
Q

types of skeletal muscle fibers

A
  • slow oxidative (Type I)
  • fast oxidative (Type IIa)
  • fast glycolytic (Type IIb)
61
Q

characteristics of Type 1 muscles fibers

A
  • ATP use: slow
  • capacity to make ATP: high, aerobic
  • colors of fibers: dark red
  • contractile velocity: slow
  • fiber distribution: found in greatest abundance in muscles of the trunk especially postural muscle
  • primary fiber function: endurance
62
Q

characteristics of Type IIa

A
  • ATP use: fast
  • capacity to make ATP: moderate, aerobic
  • colors of fibers: lighter red
  • contractile velocity: fast
  • fiber distribution: found in greatest abundance in muscles of the lower limbs
  • primary fiber function: medium duration
63
Q

characteristics of Type IIb

A
  • ATP use: fast
  • capacity to make ATP: limited, anaerobic
  • colors of fibers: white
  • contractile velocity: fast
  • fiber distribution: found in greatest abundance in muscles of the upper limbs
  • primary fiber function: short duration, intense movements
64
Q

how many types of skeletal muscle fibers do muscles normally contain

A

usually contain all 3 muscle fiber types

65
Q

how does a single motor unit control other muscle fibers

A

a single motor unit will control only muscle fibers of the same type

66
Q

why do slow muscle fibers dominate postural areas

A

meant for longer duration periods
- postural muscles contract continuously to support body

67
Q

how are muslce fibers organized

A

organized into fasicles

68
Q

what are the different types of fascicle arrangement

A
  • circular
  • parallel
  • convergent
  • pennate
69
Q

what is a circular fascicle arrangement

A

fibers arranged concentrically around an opening

70
Q

what is the function of a circular arrangement

A

acts as a sphincter to open and close

71
Q

what is an example of a circular fascicle arrangement

A

the orbicularis oris muscle

72
Q

what is a parallel fascicle arrangement

A
  • fascicles are paralllel to the long axis of the muscle
  • upon contraction the body of the muscle will increase in diameter
  • high endurance position not very strong
73
Q

what is an example of a parallel fascicle arrangement

A

rectus abdominus

74
Q

what is a convergent fascicle arrangement

A

triangular muslce with a common attachment site
- The direction of the pull can be changed
- does not pull as hard as equal-sized parallel muscle

75
Q

example of a convergent fascicle arrangement

A

pectoralis major

76
Q

what is a pennate fascicle arrangement

A
  • muscle body has I or more tendon
  • unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate
77
Q

how are the fasicles arranged in a pennate arrangement and why

A

are attached in an oblique angle to a tendon that allows for a harder pull on muscle to occur compared to parallel muscle
- due to the relationship of pull vs stabilize axes

78
Q

unipennate arrangement

A

all muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon

79
Q

example of a unipennate arrangement

A

extensor digitorum

80
Q

bipennate arrangement

A

muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon

81
Q

example of bipennate arrangement

A

rectus femoris

82
Q

multipennate

A

tendon branches within muscle

83
Q

example of a multipennate arrangement

A

deltoid

84
Q

muscle atrophy

A
  • wasting of muscle tissue that results in reduction of muscle size, tone, power
  • cause by lack of stimulation
85
Q

sarcopenia

A

excessive muscle atrophy

86
Q

muscle hypertrophy

A
  • increase in muscle fiber size, not # of muscle cells
  • result of repetitive stimulation of muscle fibers
87
Q

what occurs as a result of muscle hypertropy

A
  • mitochondria increase in # = increase in ATP
  • myofibrils and myofilaments increase in # = increase in muscle size
88
Q

what are the 3 types of levers

A
  • first class
  • second class
  • third class
89
Q

what does the fulcrum represent in a lever

A

the joint

90
Q

what does resistance represent in a lever

A

weight applied

91
Q

what does effort represent in a lever

A

the muscle contracting

92
Q

what is a first class lever

A

fulcrum is in the middle with weight and effort on the ends

93
Q

example of first class lever

A

neck joint performing flexion and extension with the effort being trapezius muscle

94
Q
A
95
Q

what is a second class lever

A

fulcrum at one end, resistance in middle and effort upwards at the other end

96
Q

what is an example of a second class lever

A

the foot
fulcrum: metatarsalphalangeal joint
effort: calf muscle and achilles tendom
resistance the mid foot

97
Q

what is a third class lever

A

resistance in further from the fulcrum, effort upwards in the middle and fulcrum at the opposite end

98
Q

what is the most common type of lever within the body

A

90% of levers are the third class

99
Q

which type of lever is the most inefficient

A

third class

100
Q

what are the actions of skeletal muscles

A

agonist
antagonise
synergist
stabilizers

101
Q

agonist

A

produces specific movement when it contracts
- the prime mover

102
Q

antagonist

A

muscle whose action opposes that of agonist

103
Q

synergist

A

muscle that asists agonist in perfomring action

104
Q

stabilizers

A

muscle that maintain area position to isolate needed muscles

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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