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Human Anatomy > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two major subdivision of the ciruclatory system

A

cardiovascular system
lymphatic system

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2
Q

cardiovascular system

A
  • a closed system that pumps blood from the heart to tissues back to heart
  • contains the heart, blood, blood vessels
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3
Q

lymphastic system

A
  • open, pumpless system of lymph cessels and lymph organs that are vital to ridding excess waste + fluid between cells
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4
Q

elephantiasis

A

swelling in areas due to leaking of lfuid into intersititial fluid

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5
Q

anatomy of arteries and veins

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
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6
Q

tunica intima

A
  • composed of endothelium + subendothelial layer of areolar connective tissue
  • aka lumen
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7
Q

tunica media

A
  • comprised of circulatory arranged smooth muscle (larger arteries)
  • innervated via sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
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8
Q

tunica externa

A
  • connective tissue that helps anchor the blood vessels to an organ
  • requires their own blood suppply via vaso vasorum
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9
Q

vaso vaorum

A

smaller arteries that supple the larger artieries/veins with blood

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10
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart and become progressively smaller as they branch

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11
Q

what are the three types of arteries

A

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles

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12
Q

elastic arteries

A
  • more elastic fibers found in all 3 tunics
  • largest arteries
  • stretch under increased pressure generated by blood ejected by the heart
  • branch into mucsular arteries
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13
Q

muscular arteries

A
  • medium sized arteries
  • posses elastic fibers in two concentric rings (internal and external elastic lamina)
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14
Q

do muscular arteries have more muscle?

A

no just proportionally due to decreased diameter but maintained muscles in the lamina

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15
Q

arterioles

A
  • smallester arteries
  • few elastic and muscle fibers
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16
Q

what does innervation affect in the arterioles

A

the constriction and dilation

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17
Q

veins

A
  • drains capillaries and return blood to the herat
  • become progressively larger as it reaches the heart
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18
Q

how much blood do veins hold at rest

A

approx 60% body’s blood

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19
Q

venules

A
  • companion vessels to arterioles
  • merge to form veins
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20
Q

postcapillary venules

A

collect blood from capillaries + drain to veins

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21
Q

characteristics of arteries

A

lumen diameter: narrower than vein lumen
general wall thickness: thicker than companion vein
cross sectional shape: retains its circualr cross sectional shape
elastic and collagen fivers in tunics: more than in vein
valves: none
blood pressure: higher than in veins
blood flow: trasnports blood away from heart
blood oxygen levels: systemic arteries trasnport nlood high in O2, pulmonary arteries transport blood low in O2

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22
Q

characteristics of veins

A

lumen diameter: wider tahn artery lumen often appears collapes when cut in cross section
general wall thickness: thinner than companion artery
cross sectional shape: tends to flatten
elastic and collagen fibers in tunics: less than in artery
blood pressure: lower than in arteries
blood flow: transports blood to heart
blood oxygen levels: systemic veins trasnport nlood low in O2, pulmonary veins transport blood high in O2

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23
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels
- wall only consists of tunica intimia with single layer of endothelial cells
- more metabolic exchange occurs

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24
Q

what are the factors that affect venous return

A
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
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25
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

veins within skeletal muscle are constricted when contracion occurs pushing blood up
- relaxation allows for more blood to flow (valves stop backflow) and contraction occurs again

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26
Q

respiratory pump

A
  • inhalation decreases the pressure in thoracic cavity due to diaphragm contraction increasing pressure in abdominopelvic cavity
  • creates a greater pressure gradient drawing up blood towards the heart
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27
Q

blood pressure

A

the force per unit area that blood places on the inside of a blood vessel
- generated through alternate cycles of heart wall contraction and relaxation

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28
Q

average arterial BP

A

above 60 mmHg

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29
Q

average venous BP

A

less than 40 mmHg

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30
Q

what is the equation for pressure

A

P = F/A

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31
Q

what is blood pressure measured with

A

sphygmomanometer

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32
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

pressure during ventricular systole (contraction)

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33
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

pressure during ventircular diastole

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34
Q

function of blood

A

transportation (O2, nutrients, waste)
- regulation (temp, pH)
- protection (leukocytes guard against infection, antibodies, platelettes)

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35
Q

what are the components of blood

A

44% RBC
<1% buffy coat
55% plasma

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36
Q

hematocrit

A

the percent of the 4 elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma) w respect to the whole volume

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37
Q

erythropoetin

A

used by athletes to increase recovery & O2 transport during exercise

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38
Q

the approx weight of the heart

A

< 1 lb

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39
Q

position of the heart

A
  • slightly to the left of midline, deep to sterum, in the medistinum
  • apex slightly turns posteriorly during development
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40
Q

charactersitics of pericardium

A
  • helps to restrict movement so that it moves only slightly within thorax
  • 2 layers (fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium)
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41
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

tough outer sac

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42
Q

serous pericardium

A

composed of parietal and visceral layers to form pericaridal cavity

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43
Q

what are the pericardial layers of the heart walls

A
  • epicardium
  • muocardium
  • endocardium
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44
Q

epicardium

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue

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45
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle that is the thickest of the three layers

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46
Q

endocardium

A

internal surface of the heart chambers external surface of heart valves

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47
Q

epicarditis

A

inflamation of the epicardium

48
Q

myocarditis

A

inflamation of the myocardium

49
Q

endocarditis

A

inglamation of endocardium

50
Q

how does contraction of the heart occur

A

cardiac fibers are involuntary, straited, nucelated muscle fibers that form atrial and veintricular networks
- contract as a single unit due to low resistance cell to cell junctions
- allow for electrical impules and distribute immedietly and spontaneously throughtou mycoardium

51
Q

role of gap junctions in the heart

A

comprose the intercalated discs that allow for the disperion of the nerve impulse

52
Q

external heart anatomy

A
  • auricle
  • coronary sulcus
  • anterior interventircular sinus
  • posterior interventiruclar sinus
  • left coronary artery (anterior interventircular branch of LCA, circumflex branch of LCA)
  • right coronary artery (posterior interventircular branch of RCA, marginal branch of RCA)
53
Q

internal heart anatomy

A
  • right atrioventricular valve
  • pulmonary semilunar valves
  • left atrioventricular vale
  • aortic semilunar valve
  • fossa ovalis
  • opening for coranry sinus
54
Q

right atrioventricular valve characteristics

A

structure: 3 triangular shaped cusps of dense connective tissue covered by endothelium + attached via chordae tendinae
location: betweem right atria + venticle
function: prevent backflow of blood into right atrium when ventricles contract

55
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

structure: 3 semilunar shaped cusps of dense connective tissue covered by endothelium (no chordae tendinae)
location: between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
function: prevent backflow of blood into right ventricle upon ventricular relaxation

56
Q

left atrioventircular valve characteristics

A

structure: 2 triangular shaped valves composed of dense connnective tissue covered by endothelium connnected to chordae tendinae
location: between left atria and ventricle
function: prevents backflow of blood into left atrium during venticular contraction

57
Q

aortic semilunar valve characteristics

A

structure: 3 semilunar shaped valves composed of dense connective tissue covered by endothelium
location: between left ventircle and ascending aorta
function: prevent backflow of left atrium during ventricular relaxation

58
Q

what are the different types of heart valve conditions

A

prolapse
incompetence
stenosis

59
Q

prolapse

A

blood enters through flaps into atria
- can cause shortness of breath, permanent damage, death

60
Q

incompetence

A

when semilunar valves no longer prevent arterial blood from re-entering the ventricle

61
Q

stenosis

A

the opening becomes narrowed due to valve thickening + insufficient blood escapes
- mainly seen in semilunar valves
- increases BP

62
Q

what are the types of circulation

A

pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
coronary circulation

63
Q

what are the two main types of circulation

A

pulmonary and systemic

64
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right side of heart and pulmonary arteries+veins convey blood to lungs and the left side of the heart

65
Q

systemic circulation

A

left side of the heart, arteries and veins convey blood to most body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

66
Q

coronary circulation

A

blood supply to the heart

67
Q

what are the chambers of the heart

A

R atria and ventricle
L atria and ventricle

68
Q

where does the right atrium receive blood from

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

69
Q

where does the right ventricle recieve and deliver blood to

A

recieves from right atria and delivers to pulmonary trunk/lungs

70
Q

conus arteriosus

A

the smooth roof part of the left ventricle that marks the end of the ventricle and the beginning of the pulmonary trunk

71
Q

left atrium

A

recieves blood from lungs

72
Q

where does the left ventricle receive blood from

A

right atrium and delivers to the entire body

73
Q

how does coronary circulation work

A
  • coronary arteries branch off from the ascending aorta
  • right marginal artery: right border
  • posterior interventricular artery: posterior surface of L+R ventricles
  • anterior interventricular artery: anterior surface of both ventricles + most of septum
  • circumflex artery: left atrium + ventricle
  • blood returns to the heart through the great cardiac vein: runs alongside anterior interventricular artery, middle cardiac vein: runs alongside posterior interventricular artery, small cardiac vein: travels close to marginal artery which merges to the coronary sinus and enters the right atrium
74
Q

autorhythmicity

A

capable of initiating its own heartbeat independent of external nerves

75
Q

conducting steps of the hearts conducting system

A
  1. muscle impulse generated at SA node and spreads throughout atria and atrioventricular node (located by fossa ovalis) via internodal pathway
  2. AV node cells delay the muscle impulse as it passes to the atrioventricular bundle
  3. AV bundle/bundle of His conducts muscle impulse into interventricular septum
  4. within septum L/R bundles split from AV bundle
  5. impulse is delivered to purkinjie fibers in each ventricle & distributed throughout ventricular myocardium
76
Q

how does the sympathetic NS affect the heart

A

increases HR and force of contraction

77
Q

how does the parasympathetic NS affect the heart

A

decreases HR

78
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

the time from start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next

79
Q

Steps to cardiac cycle in terms of ventricular pressure

A
  1. AV valves open semilunar valves closed AV valves close (systole begins/isovolumetric contraction)
  2. Aortic valve opens (end of isovolumetric contraction)
  3. contraction occurs = ejection
  4. Aortic valve closes (isovolumetric relaxation occurs, systole ends)
  5. AV valves open (rapid inflow)
  6. diastole occurs
  7. atrial systole occurs
80
Q

how does the blood pressure change throughout a cardiac cycle in terms of ventricular pressure

A

begins very low at close to zero and peaks to around 120 mmHg during conraction of the ventricles
- once the AV valves close steep spike in pressure and rapid decrease once isovolumetric relaxation occurs
- pressure slightly rises to about 10 mmHg during atrial systole

81
Q

what is the range of mL of blood during a cardiac cycle

A

around max 130 and min 50

82
Q

why is there still 50 mL if blood in the ventricles post systole

A

there is residual bc not all blood is able to be pumped out of the chamber

83
Q

describe the ventricular volume during cardiac cycle

A
  1. venticles are at the highest volume during AV valve closure at the end of isovolumetric contraction volume decreases due to ejection
  2. residual is left and rapid inflow bring volume back up
  3. max volume is reached after atrial systole occurs
84
Q

general steps to cardiac cycle

A
  1. atrial systole: atria contracts and ventricles relax, vent. press < art. press, AV valves open semilunar valves close
  2. early ventricular systole: atria relax ventricles contract, vent. press > atrial press, AV valves closed semilunar valves closed
  3. late ventricular systole: atria relax and ventricles contract, vent press > atrial pressure, AV valves closed, Semilunar valves open
  4. early ventricular diastole: Atria relax ventricles relax, vent press> atrial press, AV valves closed and semilunar valves closed
  5. late ventricular diastole: atrial relax and ventricles relax, vent press < atrial press, AV valves open and semilunar valves closes
85
Q

general arterial blood flow to posterior toes

A

heart –> ascending aorta –> aortic arch –> descneding thoracic aorta –> descending abdominal aorta –> R/L common iliac artery –> R/L external iliac artery –> femoral artery –> popliteal artery –> posterior tibial artery –> R/L lateral plantar artery or R/L medial plantar artery –> plantar arch –> digital arteries

86
Q

arterial blood flow anterior and to toes

A

heart –> ascending aorta –> aortic arch –> descneding thoracic aorta –> descending abdominal aorta –> R/L common iliac artery –> R/L external iliac artery –> femoral artery –> popliteal artery –> anterior tibial artery –> dorsalis pedis artery –> plantar arch –> digital arteries

87
Q

what are the branches of the internal iliac artery

A
  • superior vesical artery
  • superior gluteal artery
  • inferior gluteal artery
  • middle rectal artery
  • internal pudendal arter
  • vaginal artery
  • uterine artery
  • obturator artery
88
Q

femoral triangle

A

borders: sartorius, inguinal ligament, adductor longus
floor: pectineus, iliopsoas, adductor longus
contains: femoral vein, femorla artery, femoral nerve

89
Q

popliteal fossa

A

borders: muscles/tendons of hamstrings and gastrocnemius
floor (superficial to deep): fibular/tibial nerve, popliteal vein, popliteal artery

90
Q

deep venous return of toes/lower body

A

digital veins + deep veins –> medial/lateral plantar veins –> pair of posterior tibial veins –> popliteal vein –> femoral vein –> external iliac vein –> common iliac vein –> ingerior vena cava

91
Q

superficial venous return of toes/lower body

A

dorsal venous arch –> great saphenous or small saphenous vein –> popliteal vein –> femoral vein –> external iliac vein –> common iliac vein –> inferior vena cava

92
Q

arterial blood flow through upper limb

A

asending aorta –> aortic arch –> brachiocephalic trunk or L subclavian –> R subclavian (if brachiocephalic) –> axillary artery –> brachial artery –> radial artery (lateral) or ulnar artery (medial) –> deep or superficial palmar arch –> digital arteries

93
Q

superficial venous drainage of upper limb

A

dorsal venous network –> basilic vein of cephalic vein –> median cubital vein (if cephalic which goes to the basilic vein) –> axillary vein –> subclavian vein brachiocephalic vein –> superior vena cava

94
Q

deep venous drainage of upper limb

A

digital veins –> superficial venous arch/deep venous arch –> ulnar vein (deep palmar venous arch) or radial vein (superficial venous arch) –> brachial veins –> axillary vein –> subclavian vein –> braciocephalic vein –> superior vena cava

95
Q

superior blood flow through thoracic abdominal walls

A

subclavian artery –> internal thoracic artery —> anterior intercostal arteries –> superior epigastric artery –> superior abdominal wall

96
Q

inferior blood flow through abdominal awalls

A

external iliac arty –> inferior epigastric artery –> infrerior abdominal wall

97
Q

venous drainage of thoracic and abdominal walls

A

all drain on left side into hemizygous + accessory hemiazygous veins which goes to azygos vein
- all right side drains into the azygous vein

98
Q

how does blood flow through thoracic organs

A

descneding thoracic aorta –> bronchial arteries ( lungs), esophageal arteries (esophagus), superior phrenic + muscuolophrenic + inferior phrenic (diaphragm)

99
Q

what are the three branches o the descneding abdominal aorta

A

celiac trunk, inferior mesenteric artery, superior mesenteric artery

100
Q

celiac trunk branches

A
  • left gastric artery
  • splenic artery
  • common hepatic artery (heptaic artery proper, left hepatic artery, right hepatic artery, right gastric artery
  • gastroduodenal artery
101
Q

superior mesentaric artery branches

A
  • middle colic artery
  • intesitnal arteries
  • right colic artery
  • ileocolic artery
102
Q

inferior mesenteric artery and branches

A
  • left colic artery
  • sigmoid arteries
  • superior rectal artery
103
Q

what are the paired arteries that go posteriorly

A

middle suprarenal arteries
renal arteries
gonadal arteries

104
Q

blood flow to head and neck

A

at superior border of thyroid cartilage common carotid splits into external and internal carotid arteries

105
Q

branches of the external carotid artery

A
  • superior thyroid artery
  • ascending pharyngeal artery
  • lingual artery
  • facial artery
  • occipital artery
  • posterior auricular artery
  • maxillary artery
  • superficial temrporal artery
106
Q

venous return for head

A

internal jugular or exterenal jugualr vein into subclavian then brachiocephalic vein

107
Q

blood flow through cranium

A

vertebral arteries branch from subclavian arteries and enter cranium through forament magnum = basilar artery when they merge
internal carotid and basilar artery form anastomosis = cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis)

108
Q

parts of the circle of willis

A

(posterior to anterior)
- posterior cerebral arteries (goes to back of head)
- posterior communicating arteries
- internal carotid artery
- anterior cerebral arteries
- anterior communicating artery (connects the R and L anterior cerebral arteries)

109
Q

role of the lymphatic system

A

return interstitial fludis back to the bloodstream

110
Q

why are fluids located outside of the blood vessels

A

the closed system of the cardiovascular system sometimes is leaky
- fluid is pushed out at arterial end of capillary bed and reabsorbed into bloodstream at venous end
- but not all blood is able to return

111
Q

what happens if fluid accumulates

A

edema

112
Q

where does the lymphatic system absorb lipids from

A

intestines

113
Q

main organs of the lymphatic system

A

lymph nodes
thymus
spleen

114
Q

role of the lymph nodes

A

filter the lymph

115
Q

role of thymus

A

stimulate production by thymus

116
Q

role of spleen

A

cleanse the blood

117
Q

lymph capillaries

A

dont have valves but endothelium has overlap = natural valves

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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