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Human Anatomy > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are bones

A

complex organs containing all four types of tissue cells

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2
Q

what are the tissues present in bone

A

blood, muscle, nervous, and epithelial tissue

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3
Q

what is the bone mainly comprised of

A

bone connective tissue

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4
Q

describe the extracellular matrix of the bone

A

sturdy and rigid

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5
Q

why is the ECM of the bone sturdy and rigid

A

due to the deposition of minerals

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6
Q

what is calcification

A

the process of the formation of mineral content and the deposition of Ca2+

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7
Q

functions of bone

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
    -hemopoiesis
  • storage of mineral and energy reserves
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8
Q

what is hemopoiesis

A

making of blood in medullary vacity of long bones

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9
Q

what are the classifications of bones

A

long bones
shirt bones
flat bones
irregular bones

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10
Q

long bones

A

greater length than width

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11
Q

short bones

A

nearly equal length and width

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12
Q

flat bones

A

thin surfaces

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13
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shapes

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14
Q

are are words to descripe the general structure and gross anatomy of long bones

A

diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, articular cartilage, medullary cavity, endosteum, periosteum

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15
Q

diaphysis

A

elongated, cylindrical shaft

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16
Q

metaphysis

A

region between diaphysis and epiphysis
contains epiphyseal plate

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17
Q

what is an epiphyseal plate

A

a growth plate

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18
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis
- reduces friction and absorbs shock in moveable joints

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19
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow, cylindrical shape in diaphysis
- in a adults it contains yellow bone marrow

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20
Q

endosteum

A

covers most internal surfaces of bones
- contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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21
Q

periosteum

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • covers external surfaces of bones
    acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves
  • contains osteoprogenitor cells and osterblasts
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22
Q

what are the cells of bones

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, ostecytes, and osteoclasts

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23
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

mesenchymal stem cells found in endosteum and periosteum, can produce more stem cells or osteoblastsos

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24
Q

osteoblasts

A

form bone matris

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25
Q

osteocytes

A

reside in lacunae, mainting matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone

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26
Q

osteoclasts

A

large, multinuclear cells taht dissolve bone matrix releasing Ca2+

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27
Q

composition of the bone matrix

A

organic componentsL cells, collagen fibers, ground substance
inorganic components: minerals (calcium, phosphate, etc)

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27
Q

how much of the bone matrix is inorganic compounds

A

depends on the type of bone but most are 2/3 inorganic compounds

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28
Q

compact vs spongy bone

A

compact: solid and relatively dense, external surfaces of long and flat bones
spongy bone: open lattic of narrow plates called trabeculae, internal surface of bones

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29
Q

flat bones within the skull

A

two layers of compact bone with spongy bone sandwiched between

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30
Q

what is the basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone

A

the osteon

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31
Q

what is the osten also known as

A
  • a haversian system where a cetnral haversian canal is surrounded by concentric layers of lamella
  • cylindrical structures run parallel to the diaphysis
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32
Q

microscopic anatomy parts of the compact bone

A
  • central canal
  • concentric lamellae
  • osteocytes
  • canaliculi
  • perforating canals
  • circumferential lamellae
  • interstitial lamellae
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33
Q

microscopic anantomy of the spongy bone

A

no osteons
trabeculae contains parallel lamellae

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34
Q

what is located in the center of the osteon

A

blood vessels and nerves

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35
Q

central canal

A
  • the center of the osteon
  • carries blood vessels and nerves
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36
Q

concentric lamellae

A

rings of bone around the central canal

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37
Q

osteocytes

A

housed in lacunae between concentric lamellae

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38
Q

canaliculi

A
  • tiny, interconnecting channels within bone that extend between lacunae
  • allows osteocytes to connect and communicate transmitting info like how much stress
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39
Q

perforating canals

A
  • run perpendicular to and help connect multiple central canals
  • passageways for blood vessels and nerves
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40
Q

circumferential lamellae

A
  • rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum or internal to the endosteum
41
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed

42
Q

ossification

A

the process of forming and devloping bone

43
Q

what are the two patterns of ossification

A

intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification

44
Q

intramembranous ossification steps

A
  • ossification centers from within thickened regions of mesenchyme
  • osteoid undergoes calcification
  • woven bone and surrounding periosteum forms (condensed mesenchyme cells)
  • lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form
45
Q

endochondral ossification steps

A
  • the fetal hyaline cartilage model develops
  • cartilage calcifies and a periosteal bone collar forms
  • the primary ossification center from in the diaphysis
  • secondary ossifcation centers form in the epiphysis
  • bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
  • epiphyseal plate ossify and form epiphyseal lines
46
Q

interstitial growth

A
  • long bone growth in length
  • occurs in the epiphyseal plate
47
Q

appositional growth

A
  • growth in a bone’s diameter
  • occurs in the periosteum and occurs by pushing the periosteum outwards creating a larger medullary cavity
48
Q

what are the four major sets of blood vessels

A

nutrient artery and vein
metaphyseal arteries and veins
epiphyseal arteris and veins
periosteal arteries and veins

49
Q

how do blood and nerves innervate the bones

A

through the nutrient foramen or other foramens

50
Q

nutrient artery and vein

A
  • supply the diaphysis of a long bone
  • usually just one nutrient artery and vein per bone
51
Q

metaphyseal arteries and veins

A

supply the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

52
Q

epiphyseal arteries and veins

A

supply the epiphyses

53
Q

periosteal arteries and veins

A

supply blood to the external circumferential lamellae and superficial osteon

54
Q

what does bone growth, maintainence, and repair depend on

A

hormones
vitamins
exercise

55
Q

effects of hormones

A
  • hormones alter the rates of osteoblasts and osteoclast activity
  • regulate calcium levels in the blood through calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
56
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

deposits calcium from bloodstream to bone

57
Q

what does PTH do

A

removes calcium from bones and brigns into the bloodstream (calcium resorption)

58
Q

what are the effects of vitamins

A

needed for normal bone growth and maintenance
- activation of bone cells, synthesis of bone matrix, and absorption of necessary nutrients

59
Q

what are the functions of Vitamin A

A

to activate osteoblasts

60
Q

what are the functions of vitamin D

A

promotes absorption of calcium and phosphate into blood
- helps with calcification

61
Q

effects of exercise

A
  • mechanical stress stimulates an increase in bone density by increased osteoblast activity = stronger and thicker bones
62
Q

what can slow or reverse loss of bone mass

A

weight bearing exercise

63
Q

what are breaks in bones called

64
Q

how long does healing take

A

a few months but could take longer depending on severity of break

65
Q

what are the steps of fracture repair

A
  • a fracture hematoma forms
  • fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms
  • bone (hard) callus forms
  • bone is remodeled
66
Q

what are the types of bone fractures

A

simple, compound, complete, linear, oblique,, spiral, transverse

67
Q

simple fracture

A

bone does not break through the skin

68
Q

compound fracture

A

broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

69
Q

complete fracture

A

bone is broken into two or more pieces

70
Q

linear fracture

A

fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone

71
Q

oblique fracture

A

diagonal fracture at an angle between linear and transverse

72
Q

spiral fracture

A

fracture spirals around the axis of long bone, results from twisting forces

73
Q

transverse fracture

A

fracture at right angles to the long axis of the bone

74
Q

condyle

A

large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure

75
Q

facet

A

small, flat, shallow articulating surface

76
Q

head

A

prominent, rounded epiphysis

77
Q

trochlea

A

smooth, grooved, pulley like articular process

78
Q

fossa

A

flattned or shallow depression

79
Q

sulcus

A

narrow groove

80
Q

crest

A

narrow, prominent ridgelike projection

81
Q

epicondyle

A

projection adjacent to a condyle

82
Q

line

83
Q

process

A

any marked bone prominence

84
Q

ramus

A

angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the instruction

85
Q

spine

A

pointed slender process

86
Q

trochanter

A

massive, rough projection found only on the femur

87
Q

tubercle

A

small, round projection

88
Q

tuberosity

A

large, rough projection

89
Q

cnaal

A

passageway through a bone

90
Q

fissure

A

narrow, slitlike opening through a bone

91
Q

foramen

A

rounded passageway through a bone

92
Q

sinus

A

cavity or hollow space in a bone

93
Q

what happens to the bone during the ageing process

A
  • loses ability to produce organic matrix
  • loses calcium and other minerals
94
Q

osteoperosis

A

the decrease in bone mass

95
Q

what is the value that is needed to deem someone as osteperotic

A

below 2.5 SD of the normal healthy adult bone density value

96
Q

what is the value that is needed to diagnose someone with osteopenia

A

between 1.5-2.5 SD below the healthy bone density value in adults

97
Q

what is a DEXA scan

A

a test used to measure bone mineral denity

98
Q

types of osterorosis

A

Type 1 osteroporosis
Type II Osteoperosis

99
Q

Type I osteroperosis

A

post menopausal osteoperosis
approx 40% of women over 50 are affected

100
Q

Type II osteoperosis

A

age associated osteperosis
- after age of 60 90% of fractures due to osteoporosis
- men mainly affected at this age

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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