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abdomen board review > Chapter 8: The Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Chapter 8: The Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

benign solid mass located within the adrenal glands

A

adrenal adenoma

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2
Q

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, which controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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3
Q

a syndrome caused by a functioning tumor within the adrenal cortex that produces excess amounts of aldosterone; patients will have hypertension, excessive thirst, excessive urination, and low levels of potassium in the blood

A

Conn syndrome

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4
Q

a syndrome that results from a pituitary or adrenal tumor that causes overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands; patients may present with obesity, thinning arms and legs, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and severe fatigue

A

Cushing syndrome

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5
Q

glands that release their hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

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6
Q

high levels of sodium in the blood

A

hypernatremia

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7
Q

low levels of potassium in the blood

A

hypokalemia

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8
Q

malignant tumor that can occur within the adrenal gland and anywhere within the sympathetic nervous system

A

neuroblastoma

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9
Q

benign, solid adrenal tumor associated with uncontrollable hypertension

A

pheochromocytoma

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10
Q

3 zones of the cortex (outer part) of the adrenal gland

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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11
Q

hormone produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland that is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body

A

aldosterone

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12
Q

3 hormones produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland

A

aldosterone
androgens
cortisol

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13
Q

2 hormones produced by the medulla (inner part) of the adrenal glands

A

epinephrine (adrenaline, main one)

norepinephrine

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14
Q

the adrenal glands may also be referred to as:

A

suprarenal glands

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15
Q

3 arteries that supply the adrenal glands

A

suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic arteries
suprarenal branches of the aorta
suprarenal branches of the renal arteries

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16
Q

the right suprarenal vein drains into the ______

A

IVC

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17
Q

the left suprarenal vein drains into the ______

A

left renal vein

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18
Q

the normal adrenal glands are often easily visualized in the fetus and pediatric patients as a __________ structure anterior, medial, and superior to the upper pole of each kidney

A

hypoechoic

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19
Q

2 types of tumors that can cause Cushing syndrome

A

adrenal adenoma

pituitary tumor

20
Q 
Clinical findings:
obesity
thinning arms and legs
hypertension
hirsutism
hyperglycemia
severe fatigue
A

Cushing syndrome

21
Q

syndrome that results from high levels of cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex

A

Cushing syndrome

22
Q

syndrome that results from high levels of aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex

A

Conn syndrome

23
Q 
Clinical findings:
hypertension
excessive thirst
excessive urination
high levels of sodium in the blood
low levels of potassium in the blood
A

Conn syndrome

24
Q

Clinical findings:
signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome
signs and symptoms of Conn syndrome
may be asymptomatic

A

adrenal adenoma

25
Q

Sonographic findings:

solid, hypoechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland

A

adrenal adenoma

26
Q

the pheochromocytoma arises from the adrenal ________

A

medulla

27
Q 
Clinical findings:
uncontrollable hypertension
headaches
tachycardia
tremors
anxiety
excessive sweating
A

pheochromocytoma

28
Q

Sonographic findings:

large, hyperechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland

A

pheochromocytoma

29
Q

Clinical findings:
asymptomatic
if large or hemorrhagic, may cause pain

A

adrenal cyst

30
Q

Sonographic findings:
anechoic area near adrenal gland
thin walled
acoustic enhancement

A

adrenal cyst

31
Q

the most common extracranial solid, malignant tumor in children

A

neuroblastoma

32
Q

neuroblastomas typically present before _ years of age

A

5

33
Q

Clinical findings:
palpable abdominal mass in pediatric patient
abdominal pain
bone pain

A

neuroblastoma

34
Q

Sonographic findings:
large, heterogeneous mass containing areas of calcification and hemorrhage located in the area of the adrenal gland in a pediatric patient
metastasis is often present at the time of discovery

A

neuroblastoma

35
Q

Clinical findings:
abdominal mass in pediatric patient
acute drop in hematocrit and blood pressure

A

adrenal hemorrhage

36
Q

Sonographic findings:

heterogeneous mass in the area of the adrenal gland in pediatric patient

A

adrenal hemorrhage

37
Q 
All of the following are associated with Conn syndrome except:
A. adrenal adenoma
B. hypertension
C. excessive thirst
D. thinning arms and legs
A

thinning arms and legs

38
Q 
The adrenal glands are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule called:
A. Glisson capsule
B. adrenalocortical fascia
C. Gerota fascia
D. Glisson fascia
A

Gerota fascia

39
Q 
The left suprarenal vein drains directly into the:
A. inferior vena cava
B. abdominal aorta
C. celiac trunk
D. left renal vein
A

left renal vein

40
Q 
The arterial blood supply to the adrenal glands is accomplished by means of the:
A. celiac trunk
B. subphrenic arteries
C. suprarenal arteries
D. superior mesenteric artery
A

suprarenal arteries

41
Q

Which of the following best describes the location of the right adrenal gland?
A. posterior and lateral to the pancreas
B. medial to the lower pole of the right kidney
C. posterior and lateral to the IVC
D. medial to the crus of the diaphragm

A

posterior and lateral to the IVC

42
Q 
The right suprarenal vein drains directly into the:
A. inferior vena cava
B. abdominal aorta
C. celiac trunk
D. left renal vein
A

inferior vena cava

43
Q 
A 45-year old obese woman with thin arms and legs, hypertension, and sever fatigue presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram. Based on these clinical findings, you should evaluate the adrenal glands closely for signs of:
A. primary adrenal carcinoma
B. adrenal hemorrhage
C. adrenal adenoma
D. both A and C
A

both A and C

44
Q 
The most common sonographic appearance of a pheochromocytoma is a/an:
A. hyperechoic mass
B. hypoechoic mass
C. anechoic mass
D. complex mass
A

hyperechoic mass

45
Q

The most common sonographic appearance of a neuroblastoma is:
A. hyperechoic mass
B. heterogeneous mass with calcifications
C. anechoic mass
D. hypoechoic mass

A

heterogeneous mass with calcifications

46
Q

The adrenal glands receive a portion of their blood supply from all of the following except the:
A. suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic arteries
B. suprarenal branches of the aorta
C. suprarenal branches of the renal arteries
D. suprarenal branches of the celiac trunk

A

suprarenal branches of the celiac trunk

abdomen board review (14 decks)

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