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Abdomen Board Review > Chapter 5: The Pancreas > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

the cells of the pancreas that carry out the exocrine function and therefore produce amylase, lipase, and sodium bicarbonate

A

acinar cells

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2
Q

inflammation of the pancreas secondary to the leakage of pancreatic enzymes from the acinar cells into the parenchyma of the organ

A

acute pancreatitis

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3
Q

the merging point of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct just before the sphincter of Oddi; also referred to as the hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

ampulla of Vater

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4
Q

an inherited disease that results in the development of renal, liver, and pancreatic cysts late in life; also referred to as adult polycystic kidney disease

A

autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

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5
Q

the recurring destruction of the pancreatic tissue that results in atrophy, fibrosis, scarring, and the development of calcification within the gland

A

chronic pancreatitis

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6
Q

the clinical detection of an enlarged, palpable gallbladder caused by a biliary obstruction in the area of the pancreatic head

A

Courvoisier gallbladder

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7
Q

co-existing enlargement of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct

A

double-duct sign

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8
Q

the accessory duct of the pancreas

A

duct of Santorini

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9
Q

the main pancreatic duct

A

duct of Wirsung

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10
Q

2 islet cell tumors found within the pancreas

A

gastrinoma and insulinoma

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11
Q

small islands of tissue found within the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon

A

isles of Langerhans

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12
Q

tumor found within the isles of Langerhans of the pancreas

A

islet cell tumors

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13
Q

a peritoneal cavity space located between the stomach and pancreas where fluid can accumulate

A

lesser sac

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14
Q

the most common form of pancreatic malignancy; typically found within the head of the pancreas

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

a cyst surrounded by fibrous tissue that consists of pancreatic enzymes that have leaked from the pancreas

A

pancreatic pseudocyst

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16
Q

the surgical procedure in which the head of the pancreas, the gallbladder, some of the bile ducts, and the proximal duodenum are removed because of a malignant pancreatic neoplasm; also referred to as the Whipple procedure

A

pancreaticoduodenectomy

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17
Q

the peripancreatic fluid collection that results from the inflammation of the pancreas

A

phlegmon

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18
Q

the muscle that controls the emptying of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum; also referred to as the hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

sphincter of Oddi

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19
Q

a posteromedial extension of the pancreatic head

A

uncinate process

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20
Q

a hereditary disease that includes the development of cysts within the pancreas and other organs

A

von Hippel-Lindau disease

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21
Q

the syndrome that includes an excessive secretion of acid by the stomach caused by the presence of a functional gastrinoma within the pancreas

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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22
Q

the pancreas is both an ________ and _________ gland

A

exocrine (primarily)

endocrine

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23
Q

4 main parts of the pancreas

A

head
neck
body
tail

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24
Q

the pancreas is considered to be a ___________ organ

A

retroperitoneal

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25
Q

primary function of the pancreas

A

aids in digestion

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26
Q

3 types of cells that compose isles of Langerhans

A

alpha
beta
delta

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27
Q

what performs the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

isles of Langerhans

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28
Q

the isles of Langerhans produce:

A

vital hormones (insulin and glucagon)

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29
Q

artery that supplies the head of the pancreas

A

gastroduodenal artery

30
Q

arteries that supply the body and tail of the pancreas

A

splenic and superior mesenteric arteries

31
Q

2 structures that may be seen within the pancreatic head

A

gastroduodenal artery and CBD

32
Q

the diameter of the pancreatic duct should not exceed ____

A

2 mm

33
Q

normal measurement of the pancreatic head and body

A

2-3 cm

34
Q

normal measurement of the pancreatic tail

A

1-2 cm

35
Q

leads to an enlargement of the pancreas in a particular segment, most often the head

A

focal pancreatitis

36
Q 
Clinical findings: 
elevated amylase (within 24 hours)
elevated lipase (within 72 hours)
abdominal pain
back pain
fever
nausea and vomiting
leukocytosis
severe cases may lead to hemorrhage and decreased hematocrit
A

acute pancreatitis

37
Q

Sonographic findings:
pancreas may appear normal
diffusely enlarged, hypoechoic pancreas (diffuse manifestation)
focal hypoechoic area within the pancreas (focal manifestation)
unencapsulated anechoic fluid collection surrounding all or part of the pancreas
pancreatic pseudocyst
abscess formation can occur and is seen as echogenic fluid containing gas bubbles
biliary obstruction may be present
vascular complications such as thrombosis (splenic vein) and pseudoaneurysms (splenic artery)

A

acute pancreatitis

38
Q 
Clinical findings:
asymptomatic
persistent epigastric pain
jaundice
back pain
possible elevation in amylase or lipase (but they may remain normal)
A

chronic pancreatitis

39
Q

Sonographic findings:
heterogeneous, atrophic gland with poor margins
calcifications within the gland
pancreatic pseudocyst
dilated pancreatic duct
stone(s) within the pancreatic duct that may lead to biliary obstruction
possible portosplenic vein thrombosis

A

chronic pancreatitis

40
Q 
Clinical findings:
elevated amylase and/or lipase
loss of appetite
weight loss
jaundice
Courvoisier gallbladder
epigastric pain
A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

41
Q

Sonographic findings:
hypoechoic mass in the head of the pancreas
dilated common bile duct and pancreatic duct (double-duct sign)
liver and other abdominal organs should be evaluated for possible metastasis
enlarged gallbladder

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

42
Q

2 types of pancreatic cystadenomas

A

(microcystic) serous cystadenoma (always benign)

macrocystic) mucinous cystadenoma (potentially malignant

43
Q

malignant mucinous cystadenocarcinomas are most often found in the:

A

body and tail of the pancreas

44
Q

Sonographic appearance:

cystic mass that may actually appear solid and echogenic secondary to the small size of the cysts

A

pancreatic serous cystadenoma

45
Q

Sonographic appearance:
multilocular cystic masses that may contain mural nodules and calcifications
there may be associated dilatation of the pancreatic duct

A

pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma

46
Q

which islet cell tumor is most common?

A

insulinoma

47
Q

which islet cell tumor will cause low blood sugar symptoms?

A

insulinoma

48
Q

which islet cell tumor will cause Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

gastrinoma

49
Q

Sonographic findings:
hypoechoic mass that may contain calcifications
visualization is hard because of their small size

A

islet cell tumors

50
Q

Sonographic findings:

well-defined, anechoic mass with posterior enhancement

A

true pancreatic cyst

51
Q 
All of the following are part of the exocrine function of the pancreas except for the:
A. production of lipase
B. production of glucagon
C. production of amylase
D. production of sodium bicarbonate
A

production of glucagon

52
Q 
What is an additional name for the accessory duct of the pancreas?
A. duct of Santorini
B. duct of Langerhans
C. duct of Oddi
D. duct of Wirsung
A

duct of Santorini

53
Q

Which of the following is associated with development of cysts within the pancreas?
A. autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
B. Von Hippel-Lindau disease
C. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
D. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

A

Von Hippel-Lindau disease

54
Q 
The most common form of malignancy of the pancreas is:
A. cystadenocarcinoma
B. islet cell tumors
C. cystadenoma
D. adenocarcinoma
A

adenocarcinoma

55
Q 
The most common location of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is within the:
A. head of the pancreas
B. neck of the pancreas
C. body of the pancreas
D. tail of the pancreas
A

head of the pancreas

56
Q 
The most common location of focal pancreatitis is within the:
A. head of the pancreas
B. neck of the pancreas
C. body of the pancreas
D. tail of the pancreas
A

head of the pancreas

57
Q 
All of the following are sonographic features of chronic pancreatitis except:
A. dilated pancreatic duct
B. calcifications within the pancreas
C. pancreatic pseudocyst
D. diffusely hypoechoic pancreas
A

diffusely hypoechoic pancreas

58
Q 
Which laboratory value listed below appears to be more specific for acute pancreatitis?
A. amylase
B. lipase
C. AST
D. SGOT
A

lipase

59
Q 
One of the most common locations for a pancreatic pseudocyst is within the:
A. paracolic gutters
B. groin
C. spleen
D. lesser sac
A

lesser sac

60
Q 
Which of the following is the most common islet cell tumor?
A. granuloma
B. gastrinoma
C. insulinoma
D. cystadenoma
A

insulinoma

61
Q

Courvoisier gallbladder is found in the presence of:
A. hepatitis
B. cholecystitis and chronic pancreatitis
C. adenocarcinoma in the head of the pancreas
D. islet cell tumor in the tail of the pancreas

A

adenocarcinoma in the head of the pancreas

62
Q

A gastrinoma of the pancreas can produce:
A. autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
B. Von Hippel-Lindau disease
C. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
D. hyperinsulinemia

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

63
Q 
What is the name for the main pancreatic duct?
A. duct of Santorini
B. duct of Langerhans
C. duct of Oddi
D. duct of Wirsung
A

duct of Wirsung

64
Q 
All of the following are clinical findings associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma except:
A. epigastric pain
B. weight loss
C. jaundice
D. decreased amylase and lipase
A

decreased amylase and lipase

65
Q 
Which cells carry out the exocrine function of the pancreas?
A. Whipple cells
B. isles of Langerhans
C. delta cells
D. acinar cells
A

acinar cells

66
Q 
The most common echogenicity of an acutely inflamed pancreas is:
A. anechoic
B. hyperechoic
C. hypoechoic
D. calcified
A

hypoechoic

67
Q 
The arterial blood supply to the head of the pancreas is via the:
A. superior mesenteric artery
B. splenic artery
C. gastroduodenal artery
D. hepatic artery
A

gastroduodenal artery

68
Q 
Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas of the pancreas are most often located within which parts of the pancreas?
A. uncinate process and neck
B. head and neck
C. body and tail
D. fundus and neck
A

body and tail

69
Q 
Which part of the pancreas is located right lateral to the superior mesenteric vein, anterior to the IVC, and inferior to the portal vein?
A. head
B. neck
C. body
D. tail
A

head

70
Q 
The pancreatic tail is outlined posteriorly by what vascular structure?
A. superior mesenteric artery
B. inferior mesenteric vein
C. portal confluence
D. splenic vein
A

splenic vein

71
Q 
Which part of the pancreas is located anterior to the portal confluence?
A. uncinate process
B. pancreatic body
C. pancreatic neck
D. pancreatic tail
A

pancreatic neck

72
Q 
Which of the following is the hormone released by the pancreas that encourages the body's use of glucagon?
A. insulin
B. somatostatin
C. glycogen
D. sodium bicarbonate
A

insulin

Abdomen Board Review (14 decks)

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